744 results: 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #16 Social Studies -- Anthropology One of this man's students was Jomo Kenyatta, and he wrote the introduction to Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. Author of 1948's "Magic, Science, and Religion", he attacked Sigmund Freud's concept of the Oedipus complex using evidence collected on the Trobriand Islands. The founder of "functionalism", FTP, who was this Polish-born social anthropologist, the author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific? Answer: Bronislaw Malinowski 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Atlantic - #16 Social Studies -- Anthropology This woman's writings include the children's story The Eagle and the Wren and the books In the Shadow of Man and Visions of Caliban. The holder of a PhD in Ethology, she is an explorer-in-residence for the National Geographic Society, as well as the only non-Tanzanian to win the Medal of Tanzania. She first traveled to Lake Tanganyika at age 26 in 1960, where she established the Gombe Stream Research Centre. FTP, name this anthropologist, famous for her years of observations of chimpanzees. Answer: Jane Goodall 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #10 Social Studies -- Anthropology The one called Crow Dog denied US courts jurisdiction over crimes committed by and against members of reservations. Vallandigham concerned military tribunals, while Quirin held that the sixth amendment did not apply to military tribunals. Garland was one of the test-oath cases, and Yarbrough upheld passage of the Force Act of 1870. FTP, these are all examples of what type of court case, the most famous of which are probably Milligan and Merryman, whose two word name means "from one party only"? Answer: ex parte 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #15 Social Studies -- Anthropology This hominid was at one point erroneously placed in the Sinanthropus group. Characterized by a flat skull with a small forehead, cranial capacity averaging 1,075 cubic centimeters, and a large, powerful, chinless jaw, these hominids had a well-developed communal culture, practiced hunting, and used fire domestically. First identified as a new fossil human by Davidson Black in 1927 on the basis of a single tooth, later excavations yielded fossils from about 40 individuals, but these finds mysteriously disappeared during an attempt to smuggle them into the United States in 1941. FTP, what is this member of homo erectus discovered in Chou-k'ou-tien cave and named for the Chinese city nearby? Answer: Peking man (prompt on homo erectus) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #18 Social Studies -- Anthropology This author of the essay collection Sociology and Anthropology was renowned for his encyclopedic recall of ethnographic knowledge, and although he never did field work, he focused the attention of French thinkers on ethnology. Among his early works was 1899's Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function, but he is more important for his novel ideas concerning the forms of exchange in Melanesia, Polynesia, and northwestern North America. FTP, who was this nephew of Emile Durkheim, author of Essai sur le don, or The Gift? Answer: Marcel Mauss 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #19 Social Studies -- Anthropology Beginning with a description of the priesthood of the "king of the wood," its author argues that the institution of divine kingships derived from the belief that the well being of the natural order depends upon the vitality of the king. Published in 1890, the work traces the mechanisms of thought from the modern, scientific stage back to the religious stage, and finally the magical stage. FTP identify this no longer accepted, though nonetheless revolutionary, work of comparative religion and mythology written by James Frazer. Answer: The Golden Bough 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois and Yale - #10 Social Studies -- Anthropology Implements used include the chawan, the natsume, and the chashaku, and any one of several kakemono can also be used, and are usually found in the tokonoma. Taking place in the cha-shitsu, in the 16th century Sen Rikyu perfected its wabi, a set of strict rules which constrain the actions of both the host and the guest. FTP, identify this ritual, whose deep philosophical and aesthetic meaning goes much further than simply enjoying a brewed beverage. Answer: Japanese tea ceremony 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #19 Social Studies -- Anthropology Until the 1930s this woman wrote poetry under the pseudonym Anne Singleton. Heavily influenced by Elsie Clews Parson and Alexander Goldenweiser, she produced her first book, Tales of the Cochiti Indians, in 1931, having earlier gained her Ph.D. with The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America. She held that the overall "personality" of a society defines its members, explaining her ideas in works like Zuni Mythology and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. FTP, who was this anthropologist, author of Patterns of Culture? Answer: Ruth Benedict 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #8 Social Studies -- Anthropology He chronicled his experiences in the field in works like The Indian Journals and The League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee. In his best-known works, he laid the foundation for the study of kinship and developed a theory of cultural evolution positing that cultures develop through stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization. FTP, who was this pioneer of American anthropology, the author of Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family and Ancient Society? Answer: Lewis Henry Morgan 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #7 Social Studies -- Anthropology This author of Islam Observed and the essay collection Local Knowledge objected to structuralism, calling it "a sort of high-tech rationalism", and often focused his writings on the revolution in what he called "the way we think about the way we think". Beginning with his fieldwork in Java and Bali in the 1950s, he analyzed the role of symbols in society in works like The Religion of Java and Person, Time, and Conduct in Bali. FTP, who is the influential U.S. anthropologist perhaps best known for his essay collection The Interpretation of Cultures? Answer: Clifford Geertz 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago C, Kentucky A, and Delaware - #23 Social Studies -- Anthropology Karl Marx distinguished between its appearance in society as a whole among autonomous parties, and its appearance under the authority of a dominant party. Emile Durkheim asserted that it was a prerequisite for the growth of organic solidarity in a modern culture, and wrote about it "in society" in one of his works. Perhaps the best-known example of it is the set of 18 separate operations in a pin factory cited in a 1776 work. FTP, name this sociological concept, the separation of tasks for maximum efficiency. Answer: division of labor 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by St. Thomas - #13 Social Studies -- Anthropology Sites that show this species' later development include Torralba in Spain and Terra Amata in France. The "baton method" was part of the Acheulean tool tradition which they developed. And sites such as Swartkans in South Africa suggested their development of the use of fire and cooking made them the first hominid species to do so. They disappeared sometime around 250,000 years ago and early finds of this species included Java Man and Peking Man. FTP, name this hominid whose named is Latin for "upright man." Answer: Homo Erectus 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Swarthmore A and South Carolina - #18 Social Studies -- Anthropology He postulated that the human mental process of pairing opposites engenders an unconscious "metastructure" of society, an idea known as his "distinctive feature method" of analysis. First gaining fame with the work A World on the Wane, he argued that the father/son, brother/sister, husband/wife, and uncle/nephew relationships constructed the elementary unit of kinship. The author of Totemism and The Savage Mind, he is considered a leading exponent of structuralism, a system used heavily in his four-volume work Mythologiques. FTP, name this French anthropologist and author of The Raw and the Cooked. Answer: Claude Lévi-Strauss 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #10 Social Studies -- Anthropology While in college she was head of a science and social group known as the "Ash Can Cats." She worked with the American Museum of Natural History for 52 years, during which time she wrote A Rap on Race with James Baldwin. Other works of hers include Culture and Commitment and Male and Female and her autobiography, Blackberry Winter. But she may still be best known for her first work, an analysis of adolescence and sex in Oceania. FTP, name this anthropologist and author of Coming of Age in Samoa. Answer: Margaret Mead 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A, NC State, and Florida B - #20 Social Studies -- Anthropology His widow, the painter Valetta Swann, finished his posthumously published Scientific Theory of Culture. He emphasized the importance of daily interaction with his subjects over structured interviews and was the first person to document the kula exchange of Papua New Guinea, while his studies in Melanesia and the Trobriand Islands led to his founding of the functionalist school. He also wrote the introduction to his student Jomo Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. For 10 points, name this author of 1922's Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Answer: Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by FSU A, Michigan B, and South Carolina A - #11 Social Studies -- Anthropology An exception to it postulates an intermediate step which could produce voiced spirants, and it explains the reduction in labiovelars. Based on an earlier idea put forth by Rasmus Christian Rask, it has two parts, the latter of which only applies to High German, and the former of which shows that voiceless stops changed into voiceless fricatives, voiced stops became voiceless, and voiced aspirated stops lost their aspiration and changed into plain voiced stops. FTP, name this rule of sound shifts put forth by a man who collaborated with his brother on collecting fairy tales. Answer: Grimm's Law 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky C and Grinnell Vigeland and Northwestern B and UCLA novice - #16 Social Studies -- Anthropology For fifteen years, she edited the Journal of American Folklore. Her doctoral dissertation was on "The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America," and she wrote poetry under the name Anne Singleton. She used the Dobu and Kwakiutl as examples in one of her books and published the critique of scientific racism, Race: Science and Politics. After the U.S. entered World War II, this author of Zuni Mythology and Patterns of Culture was recruited by the Office of War Information as a consultant. FTP, identify this anthropologist who never went to Japan but wrote The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Answer: Ruth Fulton Benedict [accept Ruth Fulton] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA - #19 Social Studies -- Anthropology They include the 4-million year old anamensis and the bahrelghazali of Chad. They had curved feet and hands and ate only fruits and vegetation with their small canines and large molars. A family of them were found by Maurice Taieb, and the robustus species may have had the skills to make stone tools. Aethiopicus were found in Lake Turkana, while boisei were originally called Zinjanthropus and nicknamed "Nutcracker Man" by Mary Leakey. FTP Donald Johanson discovered the afarensis Lucy and Raymond Dart found its descendant africanus, both species of what extinct hominid primates? Answer: Australopithecines; accept Australopithecus 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UT-Austin, Chicago B, Yale B, Florida C, and Laurentian - #9 Social Studies -- Anthropology His most notorious publication is likely the article "Distortions at Fourth Hand," in which he apologized for the Khmer Rouge, and he also wrote the preface to a book by Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson, claiming that he was defending the principle of free speech. His assault on B.F. Skinner's theories helped to initiate the cognitive revolution in psychology, and his namesake hierarchy ranks the expressive power of formal languages, a concept important in automata theory. His "principles and parameters" approach to language acquisition posits the existence of a universal grammar, and he believes that grammar is transformational and generative. FTP, name this linguist and polemicist, author of the scientific Syntactic Structures and political Imperial Ambitions. Answer: Noam Chomsky 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A - #9 Social Studies -- Anthropology This man's doctorate work examined The Family Among the Australian Aborigines, the success of which granted him the chance to study The Natives of Mailu. His second wife, Valetta Swann, aided his later studies in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico, and was primarily responsible for the publication of his posthumous A Scientific Theory of Culture. His most famous work features chapters on "The Power of Words in Magic" and "Canoes and Sailing," but it is mostly concerned with the Kula exchange of the Trobriand Islanders. Also the author of the Introduction to Facing Mount Kenya, FTP name this functionalist anthropologist most famous for Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Answer: Bronislaw Malinowski 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia Tech A, Oklahoma A, and Florida B - #13 Social Studies -- Anthropology This anthropologist wrote about the differing sex roles among the Arapesh, Mudugumor, and Tchambuli cultures in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, and this author wrote that children growing up in an animistic culture only begin to think that way as they age in Growing Up in New Guinea. The most famous work by this researcher was a study of Manu adolescent girls in relation to American girls, which has often been criticized as being fake, notably by Derek Freeman. FTP name this American cultural anthropologist and author of Coming of Age in Samoa. Answer: Margaret Mead 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Keller - #3 Social Studies -- Anthropology The earliest member of this taxonomic group, found in 1994, is distinguished from earlier groups in part by a thickening of the tooth enamel. A lower jaw discovered at Koro Toro in northern Chad turned out to be from a new variety, and the first source of the most recent variety was a child's skull found at Taung. Footprints discovered in Laetoli showed that the most famous variety developed a forward-pointing big toe and arched feet, though Hadar was the source for the best example of this genus: Lucy. Coined by Raymond Dart to mean "southern ape," FTP name this genus of hominins that lived from about 5.3 to 1.8 million years ago, and includes such species as africanus and afarensis. Answer: Australopithecus [accept Australopiths or Australopithecines; prompt on 'hominids' or 'hominins' before "genus"] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rochester B, Chicago B, UCLA B, and Yale B - #19 Social Studies -- Anthropology In African American Vernacular English, the ones indicating possession and the third singular present are both null. In suppletion, one of these is replaced with another to denote a grammatical contrast, such as "went" for the past tense of "go." The insertion of one of these into another, such as an expletive into a word such as "outstanding," is known as infixation. The brothers Von Schlegel classified languages as either analytic or synthetic based on the number of these per word. They can be either free or bound, and in isolating languages such as Vietnamese, there is a one to one correspondence between free ones and words. FTP, identify this smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. Answer: morphemes 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick A - #14 Social Studies -- Anthropology One of this man's theories was supported by the discovery that Hittite contained forms in which distinct reflexes of the laryngeals are recorded, and he explained how the vowel alternations of a came about in his first work, Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in the Indo-European Languages. He is noted for his terms langue, or regularities and patterns in speech, and parole, or actual acts of speech. The work he is most famous for is often considered the foundation for structural linguistics, though Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye actually published it. FTP name this Swiss linguist whose lecture notes and other materials were posthumously turned into the seminal Course in General Linguistics. Answer: Ferdinand de Saussure 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner and Brown - #4 Social Studies -- Anthropology It is a leading exemplar of a mould theory, as opposed to a cloak theory. Its original formulation involved the direction that a canoe on a beach is pointing, which led to this idea being lambasted as derived from a "limited, badly analyzed sample" and the product of "long-time leanings toward mysticism" in a critique by Steven Pinker. Loglan was created as an attempt to avoid the consequences of this idea, which was originally conceived to demonstrate that the Hopi do not experience time in the same way as English speakers. FTP, identify this principle, named for the two linguists who developed it, which states in general form that one's language determines one's perception. Answer: the Sapir-Whorf-Korzybski hypothesis [accept the Whorfian hypothesis; prompt on Sapir hypothesis; prompt on "principle of linguistic relativity" or equivalents] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and Vanderbilt A - #4 Social Studies -- Anthropology Many excerpts from this man's diaries were published as A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term in 1967. He claimed that societal institutions fulfill basic human needs in A Scientific Theory of Culture. Two of his works deal with Sex and Repression and Crime and Custom in "savage society." He wrote the foreward to his London School of Economics pupil Jomo Kenyatta's Facing Mount Kenya. Several of his works, such as Magic, Science, and Religion and Coral Gardens and Their Magic, stem from fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands. FTP, name this author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific, a Polish anthropologist. Answer: Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth B - #11 Social Studies -- Anthropology One section of this work is entitled "Education for Choice" and some of its case studies are Fala, Siva, and Mala. This work explains how the taupou system can be skirted using chicken blood, and implies that the moetotolo practice is widespread. The theory that Tau islanders were playing a practical joke on its author has notably been advanced by the author who described its "Anthropological Myth," Derek Freeman. This work contentiously claimed that adolescents were less stressed while transitioning to adulthood in cultures where teens experienced less sexual inhibition. FTP, name this anthropological work centering on Polynesian culture by Margaret Mead. Answer: Coming of Age in Samoa 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #2 Social Studies -- Anthropology This author collaborated with Gene Weltfish to support human equality and bash fascism in "The Races of Mankind." This anthropologist described the Pueblo culture of New Mexico and the Dobu culture of New Guinea and argued that morality is relative to unique cultural values in Patterns of Culture. The most famous work of this author contrasts the "guilt culture" of a the West with the "shame culture" of a certain nation and stemmed from research during World War II. FTP, name identify this anthropologist, who wrote about imperial Japan in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Answer: Ruth Benedict or Ruth Fulton 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #8 Social Studies -- Anthropology The story of the success of the destitute Satyakama and the chandaal Valmiki brings into question its rigidity as originally practiced. Divided into jati, they are also called varna, which also means "color", perhaps a reference to early Indo-European settlers. Codified in the Book of Manu, some scholars point out that guna, which means "qualification", was never intended to extend to heredity, which has made life hard for the harijan. FTP, Shudras are distinguished from the twice-born Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, and Brahmins by what Hindu system of social stratification? Answer: caste system (accept varna before mentioned) 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A and Michigan - #5 Social Studies -- Anthropology Robert Kapsis argued that it was low in certain communities in his article on Black Ghetto Diversity and it. In an article by Gary Lee entitled Marriage and this, Lee references a version of this concept which attempts to explain the criminal tendency to act upon any opportunity for income, even when illegal. That version was developed by Robert Merton, who wrote Social Structure and this. It was identified as a result of religion's decreasing importance in society and of the modern division of labor. For 10 points, name this breakdown of social norms resulting in a feeling of lack of purpose, one of the four major causes of suicide identified by Emile Durkheim. Answer: anomie 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Washington A and South Carolina - #18 Social Studies -- Anthropology This man collaborated with Hans Gerth on Character and Social Structure, and asserted that American labor leaders have subordinated themselves to capitalism in The New Men of Power. Another work by this man denounces the “Grand Theory” of Talcott Parsons and advocates a more human version of sociology. This author of The Sociological Imagination wrote about the Cuban revolution in Listen, Yankee. He described how workers are alienated by a “salesmanship mentality” in one work and argued that the United States is controlled by the “higher circles” of the military, politics, and business in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this sociologist who wrote White Collar and The Power Elite. Answer: Charles Wright Mills 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A - #18 Social Studies -- Anthropology With the author of Steps to an Ecology of Mind, this thinker wrote a "photographic analysis" of the denizens of an Indonesian island entitled Balinese Character. This author compared the gender equality among the Arapesh with the Tchambuli, whose men ran the household, and the fierceness of the Mudugmor. Derek Freeman argued that this author was pranked by her informants of her best-known work. This author of Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies argued that American adolescents should be retrained to accept sexuality more freely, like the adolescent girls she talked to in Manu'a. For 10 points, name this author of Coming of Age in Samoa. Answer: Margaret Mead 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #2 Social Studies -- Economics In the extended title of his most famous work this economist claims to respond to the speculations of William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet. From 1805-34 professor at the East India Company's college at Haileybury, he wrote 1820's Principles of Political Economy and An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, but is best-known for a 1798 work in which he uses the argument that one element of society increases at an arithmetic rate, while another increases at a geometric rate, implying the need for moral restriant, crime, disease, war, and vice. FTP, who was this author of An Essay on the Principle of Population? Answer: Thomas Malthus 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Cornell - #24 Social Studies -- Economics His theoretical work on inequality provided an explanation for why there are fewer women than men in some economically disadvantaged countries. This study is included in the work _Collective Choice and Social Welfare _ in which he argues that social reform must precede economic growth. His other important work was inspired by his own experience in Bengal during the 1940s and is called _Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation _. FTP identify this noted economist whose work to help the poor earned him the Nobel Prize in 1998. Answer: Amartya Sen 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan B - #15 Social Studies -- Economics The theory behind this basic concept has been augmented in the 20th century by the pioneering work in indifference analysis of Edgeworth, and its first formulation can be attributed to William Stanley Jevons. It grew out of speculations about the origins of price and the paradox of value, seen in the lesser of cost of bread than diamonds, which implied the need to consider scarcity in determinations of price. FTP, identify this basic economics concept which is defined as the additional benefit that the consumer acquires from the purchase of an additional unit of a commodity. Answer: marginal utility 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #12 Social Studies -- Economics The eleventh chapter of this work declares gambling a "subsidiary trait of the barbarian temperament," and is entitled "The Belief in Luck." It expounds on society's "need" for fashionable clothing in the chapter entitled "Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture", while the introductory chapter describes the namesake social stratum and attempts to account for their seemingly wasteful expenditures, as detailed in the chapter entitled "Conspicuous Consumption." FTP, identify this seminal 1899 work of economics by Thorstein Veblen. Answer: The Theory of the Leisure Class 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #21 Social Studies -- Economics The curve representing this quantity is always downward sloping due to Pigou's wealth effect, Keynes' interest-rate effect, and the Mundell-Fleming exchange-rate effect. In the Mundell-Fleming model, it can be stated by an equation that relates consumption as a function of disposable income and investment as a function of interest rates, net exports, and the GDP, all of which, when added together, equal the total income or output. FTP, what is this economics concept that represents the total demand for goods and services in an economy? Answer: aggregate demand 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #7 Social Studies -- Economics Formally, this economics term is defined as the difference between the total return from a factor of production and its supply price; that is, the minimum amount necessary to attain a factor of production. Alfred Marshall analysed the "quasi" version, while the traditional use of this term refers to the special case of a specific factor of production which is always present in a fixed quantity and therefore has zero supply cost. FTP, identify this term, most commonly used to refer to the price paid for use of land. Answer: economic rent 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #4 Social Studies -- Economics Adam Smith divided an elementary representation of it into effective and absolute classes, of which effective was the more important for determining the market price of a good in relation to the cost of producing it. Theories of revealed preference relate it to the individual consumer's preference, while its price elasticity measures how much more or less of a good the consumer will purchase given a decline or a rise in price. FTP name this relation used with supply to determine the equilibrium price and quantity of a good in a market. Answer: Demand 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #5 Social Studies -- Economics His first work accused his colleagues of "mental gymnastics" for rejecting mathematics to unify economic analysis. As consultant to the Committee of Economic Development in 1958, he answered the question "What is the most important problem to be faced by the U.S. in the next 20 years" with "inflation." Some of his recent works have attempted to describe Keynesian Economics with linear programs. Remembered for his "cost-push" inflationary theory, FTP, name this co-author with Nordhaus of Economics: An Introductory Analysis, a professor at MIT who won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1970. Answer: Paul Samuelson 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #3 Social Studies -- Economics An extramarital affair partially prompted his critique of the conflict between eroticism and religion in the essay "Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions". The emotional domination exerted on him by his father led both to his 1898 mental breakdown and his advocacy of "Liberal Imperialism" to solve Germany's agrarian problems in his famous Freiburg Address. He gained fame for his analysis of German political and economic life in Economy and Society, but is more famous today for his investigation of the roots of the "spirit of capitalism". FTP, who was this German thinker, author of The Protestant Ethic? Answer: Max Weber 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland - #6 Social Studies -- Economics A major innovation in the analysis of this concept was the conjectural variation due to Bowley, which anticipated the so-called "sophisticated" seller analysis known as Stackelberg's Model. The assumption that the seller will not have to deal with an independent change in market price is central to Bertrand's Model, which was intended to refute the original treatment of this concept developed by Antoine Cournot. FTP, what is concept describing a market state in which there are only two firms? Answer: duopoly 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #4 Social Studies -- Economics The fourth section of chapter one concerns the "fetishism of commodities and the secret thereof", while chapter four provides a "general formula" for the titular subject while analyzing what the author designates as the C-M-C and M-C-M forms of circulation, the latter representing the desire to accumulate money for its own sake. Putting forth a controversial theory of commodity value in which a commodity is said to be worth the labor that went into it, the author then uses this theory to claim that employers can pay laborers less than the value of their labor since the employers control the "means of production". FTP, what is this work of economics by Karl Marx? Answer: Das Kapital 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #10 Social Studies -- Economics For simplicity's sake, economists often set this value equal to potential output under the flexible-price full-employment model. It is distinguished from a similar "net" calculation by failing to account for depreciation or consumption of capital. Intermediate goods do not contribute to this value in order to avoid overestimates, while reliability is achieved by ignoring household production. Formulated by Simon Kuznets, FTP, what is this value, the total market value of the final goods and services produced by a nation's economy in a given time? Answer: GNP or Gross National Product (accept Gross Domestic Product or GDP) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #21 Social Studies -- Economics He discussed theoretical psychology in The Sensory Order and attacked the idea that social scientists should adopt the methods of physical science in The Counter-Revolution of Science. The cousin of Ludwig Wittgenstein, his book The Constitution of Liberty included the misleadingly titled postscript "Why I am not a conservative," but this Austrian is best known for attacking Keynesian economics. For 10 points-name this economist who shared the Nobel Prize with Gunnar Myrdal, the author of The Road to Serfdom. Answer: Friedrich Hayek 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #4 Social Studies -- Economics His "Essay on the influence of the Low Price of Corn" discusses theories that would lead him to oppose the Corn Laws as a Member of Parliament. He created a stir with his tract The High Price of Bullion, while his best work begins with comparisons of value in use and in exchange, and reasons that the interests of society are opposed by the interests of landowners, an idea central to his theories of economic rent. FTP, name this founder of the classical school of economics who proposed ideas like the iron law of wages in The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Answer: David Ricardo 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #4 Social Studies -- Economics Keynes wrote a book whose title declared the "end of" this economic concept. Its greatest supporter in 19th-century Germany was Friedrich List, whose advocacy led to the establishment of the Zollverein system. In his Discourses Upon Trade, Dudley North gave an early development of it, although its name was not coined until almost a century later by Vincent de Gournay, one of the Physiocrats. It fell out of favor after the industrial advances of the late-19th century, a century after it was held to be the best way to encourage the workings of the "invisible hand" by Adam Smith. From the French for "let it be", FTP, what is this theory advocating no government interference in the economy? Answer: laissez-faire 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #9 Social Studies -- Economics Among the situations the author uses to make his points in this book are the plight of Irish prostitutes in London and the exploitation of Holland's fisheries. Book Five begins with a clarification on the expenses of maintaining both militias and standing armies; Book Two details the "nature, accumulation, and employment of stock;" and Book Four details the "systems of political economy." Its author advocated that government maintain a laissez-faire attitude and coined the principle of the "invisible hand" to elucidate this point. FTP, name this magnum opus of Adam Smith. Answer: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Kentucky C - #24 Social Studies -- Economics He had an early interest in psychology and later in his life discovered, contemporaneously with Donald Hebb, the synaptic connection model of the mind which he put forth in his 1952 work The Sensory Order. He is more famous in another field for which he developed his idea of a "spontaneous order" and wrote such works as The Pure Theory of Capital. His most famous work argues that state control of the economy leads to totalitarianism. FTP, name this man who shared the 1974 Nobel in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal and wrote The Road to Serfdom. Answer: Friedrich August von Hayek 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #9 Social Studies -- Economics Assessed as a part of the Hecksher-Ohlin model, one analysis of this phenomenon is based on the labor theory of value, and it was included in the long 1817 work Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Providing a strong argument for free international trade and specialization, it is ultimately little more than an analysis of relative opportunity costs. FTP, name this theory of David Ricardo explaining why trade of some goods may be more favorable for some countries due to production factors. Answer: comparative advantage 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by St. Thomas - #4 Social Studies -- Economics It must have a positive slope, and because the factor it measures cannot be negative it must be concave up and cannot rise above the line y = x, known as the line of perfect equality. The area between it and the line of perfect equality is known as the Gini coefficient, and at each point its y-value shows the cumulative percentage of a given asset owned by the bottom x percent of the sample. First developed by its namesake American economist during the early-20th century, FTP, identify this construct from welfare economics used to illustrate income inequality. Answer: Lorenz Curve 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Grinnell Lyon, Chicago E, UBC A, Florida A, and Penn - #5 Social Studies -- Economics Henry George suggested in Progress and Poverty that a tax on land alone can eliminate this. It cannot be eliminated during ordinary taxation, though it is minimized when supply is relatively inelastic. On a supply and demand curve, this is represented by the area taken away from producer and consumer surplus that does not go to the government. FTP, what is this fall in total surplus from when a tax is issued in an economy, changing the market outcome? Answer: deadweight loss 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan X - #16 Social Studies -- Economics Walter Nicholls joined this group after being persecuted for his statements about margarine. Its distinct character is considered to have begun with Frank Knight and Jacob Viner, as well as the "Mathematical Trio" of Lange, Schultz and Douglas who imitated work done at Lausanne. Mathematically, they prefer results-oriented partial equilibrium analysis to more math-dependent general equilibrium. George Stigler is the lesser-known cofounder of its second iteration and the creator of search theory, while this group also invented human capital theory and transaction cost theory, under Ronald Coase. FTP, Milton Friedman is one of eight economics Nobel prize winners from what school, associated in ideological terms with neoclassicism and in physical terms with the actual economics department of its Midwestern university? Answer: Chicago school of economics [more or less indistinguishable from the actual University of Chicago Department of Economics, so you can accept that] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers and CMU - #13 Social Studies -- Economics The classical conception of this phenomenon presupposes that labor is the only factor of production, there are no transport costs, and there is full employment. Because it implies that technological superiority is not a guarantee to continued success of a business, it is used to show how third-world countries can compete in the free market. First described by Robert Torrens in his Essay on the External Corn Trade, it was explored mathematically using the example of English cloth and Portuguese wine in On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation by David Ricardo. FTP, name this theory which shows that two countries can achieve greater total efficiency by each specializing in certain goods, even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods. Answer: comparative advantage 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA - #3 Social Studies -- Economics A 1947 study by George Stigler analyzed this type of situation and called into question the curve primarily associated with this entity. That hypothesis was introduced in 1939 by Paul Sweezy in a paper about demand under this condition, which suggests that any participant in one of these envisions two different demand schedules for its output. Edward Chamberlin proposed a model to understand these situations, which was a revision of the solution outlined by the French economost Antoine Cournot. FTP, name this market situation in economics in which there are a few non-collusive, independent sellers. Answer: oligopoly 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt A, Georgia Tech A, and Tulsa - #3 Social Studies -- Economics He wrote an economic history of Roman agrarian society and a tract on the dual roles of idealism and materialism in Economy and Society. His vershtehen doctrine said that researchers must interpret people's actions using "ideal types" to understand social and economic phenomena, and his dabblings in positivism signaled his split from Gustav von Schmoller. He also studied the workings of bureaucracy and gave the Freiburg Address. His trademark work describes how Calvinist values, especially dedicating oneself to his duties, resulted in greater economic productivity. FTP name this author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Answer: Max Weber 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Drake A, MIT B, and Georgia Tech B - #10 Social Studies -- Economics With Albert Hunold, this man co-founded the Mount Pelerin Society, which was dedicated to the preservation of free societies. His Abuse of Reason project criticized social scientists' misuse of natural science principles, a practice he called "scientism." He wrote a critical review of Keyenes's A Treatise on Money, and Keynes returned the favor for this man's Prices and Production. His trade cycle theory was popular during the Great Depression, but he is most famous for a work in which he argues that socialist ideals lead to tyrrany, and that Nazi Germany and the USSR were on the titular journey. FTP, name this Austrian who shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the author of The Road to Serfdom. Answer: Friedrich August von Hayek 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harding A - #12 Social Studies -- Economics Works espousing this group's beliefs include "Theory of Taxation" and "Rural Philosophy," along with their namesake work by du Pont, subtitled "The Natural Constitution of the Government Most Advantageous to Humankind." They divided workers into productive, sterile, and proprietor classes, and they attacked mercantilism in their belief that taxes should only be levied on land. They believed that among economic activities, only agriculture yielded a net profit, and they were supporters of the laissez-faire doctrine in part due to their mystical "natural order" theory. Including the likes of La Trosne, Abbe Baudeau, and Marquis de Mirabeau, FTP name this group of French economists led by the author of Tableau Economique, Francois Quesnay. Answer: Physiocrats 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Illinois B - #12 Social Studies -- Economics This man's biographers include Joseph Dorfman and J.P. Diggin, who called him "The Bard of Savagery." Early in his career this man wrote an article on "The Barbarian Status of Women," and he was the original translator of Ferdinand Lasalle's Science and the Workingmen. Longer works include The Instict of Workmanship and The Place of Science in Modern Civilization, and along with Charles Beard and John Dewey he founded the New School for Social Research. Best known for a work containing a section on the fur trade, this is, FTP, what economist, who coined the term 'conspicuous consumption" in his The Theory of the Leisure Class? Answer: Thorstein Veblen 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B, Maryland B, and Oklahoma B - #5 Social Studies -- Economics The relationship this graph predicted was actually discovered by Irving Fisher in the 1920s, over thirty years before its namesake published his work on it. It can be derived theoretically using Okun's law from the short-run aggregate supply, although its originator examined one of the properties in terms of nominal wages rather than the standard common today. Originally based on data for the United Kingdom from 1861 to 1957, it was generalized by Samuelson and Solow to the United States, but it could not explain the economic oddities of the 1970s because in the long run, it is perfectly inelastic. FTP, name this curve which in the short-run depicts an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation. Answer: Phillips curve 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #8 Social Studies -- Economics This man's biographers include Joseph Dorfman and J.P. Diggin, who called him "The Bard of Savagery." Early in his career this man wrote an article on "The Barbarian Status of Women," and he was the original translator of Ferdinand Lasalle's Science and the Workingmen. Longer works include The Instict of Workmanship and The Place of Science in Modern Civilization, and along with Charles Beard and John Dewey he founded the New School for Social Research. Best known for a work containing a section on the fur trade, this is, FTP, what economist, who coined the term 'conspicuous consumption" in his The Theory of the Leisure Class? Answer: Thorstein Veblen 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #21 Social Studies -- Economics The Markovian type has been used to model inventory control, where dynamic pricing is optimal over fixed pricing. Another type may satisfy the weak axiom of revealed preference and is said to be homogeneous of degree zero. That type, Walrasian, is linked via the Slutsky decomposition to another type based on the substitution effect, Hicksian. Its cross elasticity is positive for substitutes and negative for complements, while its income elasticity is positive for normal goods and negative for inferior ones. Its curve shifts to the right with an increase in income or preference, and it generally has negative slope when plotted against price. FTP, name this willingness and ability of buyers to purchase a good. Answer: demand 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A, Florida Metropolitan A, and Andrew Yaphe - #6 Social Studies -- Economics The first English author to discuss it specifically may have been John Hales, in his A Discourse on the Commonweal of this Realm of England, though in the 19th century H. D. Macleod named it for a contemporary of Hales. Later in the 19th century Robert Giffen argued that its namesake didn't understand the importance of bimetallism, while William Stanley Jevons claimed, on its basis, that Herbert Spencer's arguments about private coinage were flawed. Its namesake enunciated this principle in the 16th century in response to the "Great Debasements" introduced by the predecessors to Queen Elizabeth. FTP, name this principle which states that bad money drives good money out of circulation. Answer: Gresham's Law 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A, Drake A, UNC A - #15 Social Studies -- Economics He argued that classical economics focused on artificial equilibriums in "Why is Economics not an Evolutionary Science?" and claimed that Bismarck's autocracy gave Prussia a technical advantage in "Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution." He postulated a tech-savvy class in conflict with the business elite in The Engineers and the Price System and criticized colleges run by businessmen in The Higher Learning in America. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise cited the potlatch custom in another work as an example of frivolous spending to achieve social status. FTP, name this economist who postulated "conspicuous consumption" in The Theory of the Leisure Class. Answer: Thorstein Bunde Veblen or Tosten Bunde Veblen 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by ACF Editors and California-Irvine - #9 Social Studies -- Economics Hicks claimed that "great castles of theory" have been built upon this concept. For it to apply, marginal rate of substitution must equal marginal rate of transformation, a situation graphically shown as the community indifference curve. Sen noted that it was possible for an economy to be this and "perfectly disgusting," while Allais defined it as the "absence of distributable surplus," and situations satisfying this are sometimes known as noninferior or nondominated. When it applies, no new allocation of resources can make one individual better off without harming another, but, when it fails, deadweight loss occurs. FTP, name this eponymous efficiency of an Italian economist. Answer: Pareto optimality/efficiency/optimal/efficient [prompt on "optimality," "efficiency," "optimal," "efficient," "noninferior," or "nondominated"] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #15 Social Studies -- Economics Harvard's Robert Jensen and Nolan Miller attempted to prove their existence in China, and Battalio, Kagal, and Kogut's experiments with quinine water and lab rats proved that they can exist on the individual level. These entities can arise when the price of a good or service outstrips the consumer's tendency to purchase similar goods or services; that is, when the income effect is greater than the substitution effect. They were first postulated to exist in Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics, which used the example of bread with meat as a substitute. FTP, name this kind of inferior good that people buy more of when the price goes up. Answer: Giffen goods 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A - #21 Social Studies -- Economics This must decrease as rival firms' aggregate output increases in order for Cournot competition to hold, and if a strictly positive subsistence level is introduced to a CES function, this quantity becomes non-monotonic. It is given by price times the quantity 1 minus 1 over demand elasticity, showing that its sign is an indicator of elasticity. In oligopolies, this curve has a jump due to the kinked demand curve, and in monopolies, a deadweight loss is caused because this curve, and not demand, determines quantity sold. For 10 points, name this curve that generally marks equilibrium where it meets marginal cost, and which measures the added revenue of an additional unit sold. Answer: marginal revenue [prompt on MR] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Eden Prairie High School - #5 Social Studies -- Economics He defended Say's law by arguing against the possibility of general gluts, and he called for a stable monetary policy in Proposals for an Economic and Secure Currency. A concept developed by Robert Barro which states that equilibrium consumption is invariant if the government is financed by tax increases or deficit spending is known as his "equivalence," and he also introduced diminishing marginal returns. In another work, he criticized Malthus' theory of rent, and that work also introduced the theory of comparative advantage. For 10 points, identify this economist who wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and advanced the "iron law of wages." Answer: David Ricardo 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A - #6 Social Studies -- Economics A variation to this concept that includes perturbations in decision models is known as trembling-hand perfect. This concept holds when certain sets are non-empty, convex, compact subsets of a Euclidean space by the Kakutani Fixed Point Theorem, and the utility function is continuous and quasi-concave. A Bayesian one is found by anticipating the plans of others, and they were worked on by Harsanyi and Selten as well as their namesake, who introduced them in the paper Non-Cooperative Games. For 10 points, name this idea in which each player's strategy choice is a best-response to the strategies played by his rivals, a game theory equilibrium named for a schizophrenic. Answer: Nash equilibrium [accept Nash after "equilibrium" is read, prompt on it before] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #16 Social Studies -- Economics Generally, output shocks cause this quantity to move in the same direction as deflated stock prices, but move in opposite ways from normal stock prices. Serletis treats variations in it as being a random walk, and Keynes notably believed this quantity was unstable, changing with the interest rate. It may be determined nationally as the ratio between the GDP and the money supply, while Irving Fisher believed it is stable and independent of the other variables in his quantity theory of money, where it can be given by his equation of exchange as "PT over M." For 10 points, give this term denoting how often a unit of money is spent over a time interval. Answer: velocity of money 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois B - #7 Social Studies -- Economics This economist posited an early form of the Quantity Theory of Money in Tract on Monetary Reform. He proposed that recessions can get worse in the presence of near-zero nominal interest due to liquidity traps, and that an increase in GDP can result from initial investment through the multiplier effect. He argued against reparations in a work critical of the Treaty of Versailles, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, and in another work for increased government spending to combat recessions. For 10 points, name this writer of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Answer: John Maynard Keynes 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri S&T and Dartmouth B - #7 Social Studies -- Economics He claims it is impossible for an omnipotent, loving God to be in control of the world, but possible for a weaker God to exist in his Three Essays on Religion. One of his works lays out five principles of inductive reasoning, while another argues that freedom is good for women if it is good for men. In addition to System of Logic, he wrote a work that uses dolors and hedons to calculate the "Greatest Happiness Principle" and claims that "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness." The author of The Subjection of Women, for 10 points, name this man, who outlined a philosophy practiced by Jeremy Bentham in his book Utilitarianism. Answer: John Stuart Mill 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri - #18 Social Studies -- Economics This work discusses the growing importance of burghers in a section that explores the rise of towns after the fall of the Roman Empire. This work discusses the advantages of founding new colonies and uses a comparison of French and Portuguese wine to argue against protectionist tariffs in its fourth book, "Of Systems of Political Economy," which argues against the mercantilist system. Its first section supports the division of labor and discusses a pin factory, while it later argues that individuals acting due to self interest will benefit the market via the "invisible hand." For 10 points, name this major work of Adam Smith. Answer: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Penn A and Louisiana-Lafayette - #2 Social Studies -- Economics This man wrote about "How Keynes Came to America" in one work, and "The Massive Dissent of Karl Marx" in another. In addition to Economics, Peace and Laughter and The Age of Uncertainity, he wrote about the economic development of the Ford Motor Company in "The Imperatives of Technology," which appears in a work that argues that classical demand has been subverted by advertising and other methods of corporate planning, while his most famous work discussed income disparities and coined the term "conventional wisdom." For 10 points, name this author of The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society. Answer: John Kenneth Galbraith 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and UCLA A - #13 Social Studies -- Economics This economist asked “What need of a House of Commons or of a House of Lords?” in Observations on Parliamentary Reform. His namesake equivalence was popularized by Robert J. Barro. One of his works, subtitled “A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes,” argues for the adoption of a metallic currency and is titled The High Price of Bullion. His most famous work sets out a theory of rent which was criticized by Malthus, as well as introducing the idea of comparative value. For 10 points, name this economist who wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and espoused the Iron Law of Wages. Answer: David Ricardo 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Chattahoochee - #13 Social Studies -- Economics This economist wrote a work on “the conduct of universities by business men” entitled The Higher Learning in America. He lends his name to a type of luxury good which violates the law of demand. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise also wrote a work with a section on “The Belief in Luck.” That work cites festive celebrations as an example of spending for the purpose of displaying one's wealth. For 10 points, name this economist who coined the term “conspicuous consumption” in The Theory of the Leisure Class. Answer: Thorstein Veblen 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Dunbar HS and Minnesota - #4 Social Studies -- Economics This economist argued that countries should avoid deflation even if it causes their currency to depreciate in A Tract on Monetary Reform. He dismantled classical theory in favor of logical-relationist theory in A Treatise on Probability. He argued against the gold standard in The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill, and referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a Carthaginian peace in another work, entitled The Economic Consequences of the Peace. For 10 points, name this British economist who wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money and advocated governmental intervention in the economy. Answer: John Maynard Keynes 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Furman, Claremont A, Illinois A, and ULL A - #12 Social Studies -- Economics It's not by Karl Marx, but this work contrasts “value in use” with “value in exchange” in the section “Of the Origin and Use of Money.” It mentions that "Brutus lent money in Cyprus at eight-and-forty per cent" in a section discussing stock. Its first chapter popularized the phrase "the division of labor" and relied on the example of a pin factory, while a metaphor commonly associated with this work was reused from the author's earlier The Theory of Moral Sentiments. For 10 points, name this 1776 work that used the concept of the “invisible hand” to advocate a laissez-faire economic approach, a book by Adam Smith. Answer: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A and CWRU - #8 Social Studies -- Economics According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, this concept derives from differences in relative factor endowments. Paul Samuelson argued that this concept might not apply today because capital and labor can easily cross national borders. First illustrated by Robert Torrens in an essay on the Corn Laws, this concept was more famously illustrated by David Ricardo with the example of Portuguese wine and English cloth. For 10 points, name this concept that states that even absolutely advantaged countries can benefit from specialization and trade. Answer: comparative advantage 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA B - #6 Social Studies -- Economics In a two product economy, the output of product of one product affects the production function of a second product in a condition of this type which is named for JE Meade. According to the Coase theorem, market failure is due to transaction costs, not to these, which Coase describes as a joint product of a victim and a polluter. Pigovian taxes can be used to counterbalance these phenomena. The tragedy of the commons is caused by the negative type of these. Examples of the negative type include a company's air pollution harming animals. For 10 points, name these phenomena which occur when an economic transaction has an effect on a third party. Answer:  externalities [or spillover] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Bellarmine and UCLA - #17 Social Studies -- Economics This thinker introduced his namesake triangles linking consumer spending and production time in his Prices and Production. He distinguished between thesis and nomos in the three-volume Law, Legislation, and Liberty. This organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society distinguished his outlook from the title one in "Why I Am Not a Conservative." One work by this author includes a chapter on "The Socialist Roots of Naziism" and warns against conditions leading to collectivization and the title oppression. For 10 points, name this Austrian economist who described the consequences of central planning in The Road to Serfdom. Answer: Friedrich August von Hayek 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Dorman and Arizona State F - #15 Social Studies -- Economics This economist's theories were revived in Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities by Piero Sraffa. This man invoked Say's Law in suggesting that a general glut was impossible. He published an essay stating that raising the tariff on grain imports would lead to decreased manufacturing profits and increased rent. He linked the price of commodities to the amount of time expended in their production in his labor theory of values. This man stated that working wages would remain near subsistence level, his Iron Law of Wages. For 10 points, name this author of Principles of Political Economy and Taxation who explained the theory of comparative advantage. Answer: David Ricardo 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Northwestern and Cornell - #14 Social Studies -- Economics This economist's work on information asymmetry includes "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care". He names a model in general equilibrium theory assuming a lot of labor resources and access to every kind of available good with Gerard Debreu. Alan Gibbard and Mark Satterthwaite modified this man's most notable idea, which was presented in Social Choice and Individual Values. That idea states that criteria such as the Pareto efficiency and unrestricted domain cannot exist in a voting system that seeks to fairly represent voters' preferences. For 10 points, name this economist with a namesake Impossibility Theorem. Answer: Kenneth Joseph Arrow 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Rancho Bernardo and Delaware - #18 Social Studies -- Economics The amount of this quantity increases when banks can lend, according to the multiplier effect. One theory of this is based on an equation which contains the product of the average price level and the volume of transactions, the Fisher Equation; that theory is known as the "quantity theory" of this. The rate at which this is exchanged is called its velocity. The three aggregates of this quantity include bank deposits, savings accounts, and repurchase agreements, and are known as M1, M2, and M3. By Gresham's law, bad amounts of it drive out good amounts at a fixed rate of exchange. For 10 points, name this staple of the economy consisting of coins and banknotes. Answer: money 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UNC and Rutgers-Camden and Wisconsin - #18 Social Studies -- Economics In one work, this thinker stated that modern technology was incompatible with the irrational process of business and finance, contrasting industrial and pecuniary employment. One of his works has a chapter on "The Belief in Luck" and examines the title group's interest in sports like bullfighting and football. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise has namesake goods which fall in demand when they fall in price due to a perception of lower quality. That ties in with this author's idea that the rich need a way to justify and display their wealth. For 10 points, name this economist who introduced the idea of conspicuous consumption in his Theory of the Leisure Class. Answer: Thorstein Bunde Veblen 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by VCU - #4 Social Studies -- Economics Nominal interest rates are said to lag behind this in the Mundell-Tobin effect. The built-in form of this effect is the base of the "triangle model" of it. This phenomenon can be due to a decrease in aggregate supply or an increase in aggregate demand. Milton Friedman argued that this concept was not linked inversely with unemployment, and in the 1970s, a high rate of this was linked with stagnation, discrediting the Phillips curve. The hyper- form of this phenomenon plagued Weimar Germany, and this effect can be "cost-push" or "demand-pull". Measured by the Consumer Price Index, for 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a unit of currency is worth less over time. Answer: inflation 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #13 Social Studies -- Geography Its northernmost island is Nanumea, and its southernmost is Niulakita. Made up of nine isolated atolls located north of the Wallis and Futuna Islands and southwest of Kiribati, it won its independence in 1978, only three years after separating from the Gilbert Islands. Originally known as the Ellice Islands, FTP, name this archipelago whose main island Vaitupu is home to the capital Funafuti. Answer: Tuvalu 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Atlantic - #5 Social Studies -- Geography This Asian body of water receives the Red River, and its main ports include Ben Thuy, Haiphong, and Pei-hai. Measuring 300 miles long by 150 miles wide, it is the northwest arm of the South China Sea bounded by China to the north, Hainan Island to the east, and Vietnam to the west. FTP, what is this gulf notorious for a torpedo attack against two U.S. destroyers in 1964? Answer: Gulf of Tonkin 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Atlantic - #23 Social Studies -- Geography A mostly lowland nation except in the dry northern sections, it has the largest artificial lake in the world, Lake Volta. Gold is a leading export, of which the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation is the chief producer. The Oti river forms part of its border with Togo, while the Black Volta separates it from Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. The home nation of the winner of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize, FTP, name this African nation once known as Gold Coast, with capital at Accra. Answer: Ghana 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #3 Social Studies -- Geography The Kern River Canyon is on the west of this mountain, while its precipitous streams enter Owens Valley on the east. Its summit is a gently sloping tablelike surface notable for its lack of erosion, and was first reached in 1873 by A.H. Johnson, C.D. Begole and J. Lucas. Located on the Inyo-Tulare county line at the east border of Sequoia National Park, it rises to a height of 14,494 feet, making it the culminating summit of the Sierra Nevadas. FTP, what is this mountain, the highest in the contiguous United States? Answer: Mount Whitney 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #7 Social Studies -- Geography This river's tributaries include the Skawa, Sola, San, and Narew rivers, and it forms in the Beskid range from the confluence of the Czarna and Biala Wiselka streams. Connected to the Bug canal via the Dneipr-Bug canal and the Oder by the Bydgoszcz ("bid-gosh") canal, during its 651 miles it passes such cities as Torun, Danzig, and Krakow. FTP, what is this river which flows through Warsaw, the longest in Poland? Answer: Vistula 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #13 Social Studies -- Geography The Great Karroo can be found in the south of this country which contains four regions, Venda, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana, and Transkei, which were declared independent from 1976-94. On its west coast are False Bay and St. Helena Bay, while on its east coast are the ports of Durban and Port Elizabeth. In the southeast is the Drakensberg Mountain Range, while rivers which have their source here include the Vaal and Limpopo. FTP, what is this country whose three capitals are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, and Pretoria? Answer: Republic of South Africa 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #6 Social Studies -- Geography The largest river emptying into this lake is the Ramis, while the Desaquadero drains it at its southern end. The large island Isla del Sol lies just off the tip of the Copacabana Peninsula, and it is divided into two parts by the narrow Tiquina strait. Covering some 3,200 square miles, it extends in a northwest-to-southeast direction for a distance of 120 miles, and lies at 12,500 feet above sea level, making it the highest major lake in the world and second largest in South America behind Lake Maracaibo. FTP, what is this Andes lake on the Peru-Bolivia border? Answer: Lake Titicaca 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #9 Social Studies -- Geography During its early course this river picks up melted snow and glacial meltwaters from the Zaskar, Shyok, and Gilgit streams, and flows as a rapid stream between the Swat and Hazara regions and across the Salt Range. It then receives its most notable tributaries, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej, also known as the "Five Rivers", and after reaching Thatta it begins its delta stage and empties into the Arabian Sea. FTP, what is this 1,800 mile long river, the chief river of Pakistan? Answer: Indus 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #2 Social Studies -- Geography Connected to the Neales River, this lake's northern and southern parts are connected by the narrow Goyder Channel. Its lowest part lies 50 feet below sea level, which causes it to fill completely only twice a century, and although it is occasionally partially filled by flood waters delivered by rivers like the Diamantina it is normally dry, during which times its extremely flat surface has made it a site of attempts to establish land speed records. FTP, what is this great salt lake located in the southwest corner of the Great Artesian Basin in central South Australia? Answer: Lake Eyre 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Cornell - #4 Social Studies -- Geography Sharing its name with a lake in southeast Wisconsin, the Venoge and Dranse are two of the three major rivers that drain it, and the Strait of Promenthoux divides it into two sections. Its northern shore gives way to the wine-producing Jura region, and resorts on this lake include Évian-les-Baines, Montreux, and Lausanne. FTP, identify this crescent-shaped lake formed by the Rhône River and named for a city in Switzerland. Answer: Lake Geneva 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #15 Social Studies -- Geography Among the attractions in this city are the Underground Palace, the Tekfur Sarayi, and the Topkapi Palace. The modern center is in the northern part, Beyoglu, which is separated by the Golden Horn from the old walled city, which is home to seven steep hills which maintain a medieval appearance. Home to the Blue Mosque and the Hagia Sophia, FTP, what is this largest city in Turkey formerly known as Constantinople? Answer: Istanbul 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #8 Social Studies -- Geography This region is divided by the Eider River. After Christian IX violated the protocols of the 1852 London Convention, the Treaty of Vienna ceded it to Austria and Prussia. However, Austria lost its part after the Seven Weeks War, and following World War I, the northern part of the its northern duchy voted to be reunited with its northern neighbor. FTP, identify this region now shared by Germany and Denmark. Answer: Schleswig-Holstein 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #21 Social Studies -- Geography This body of water contains the Hecla, Deer, and Black Islands, and is fed from many sources, including the Red River and a river of the same name, which means "muddy water" in the Cree Indian language. A remnant of glacial Lake Agassiz, it is drained by the Nelson River to the Hudson Bay. FTP, identify this lake which ranks as the 13th largest in the world and the third largest entirely within Canada, which shares its name with the nearby capital of Manitoba. Answer: Lake Winnipeg 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #6 Social Studies -- Geography This island's Mount Asgard is situated on the Cumberland Peninsula, and the Foxe Basin lies to the south. Home to the Sirmilik and Auyuitiq National Parks, its major cities include Pangnirtung, Pond Inlet, Arctic Bay, and Iqualuit, which now serves as the capital of Nunavat. Separated from Greenland by the Davis Strait and from mainland Canada by the Hudson Strait, FTP, what is this island named for a 17th century English explorer, the 5th largest island in the world? Answer: Baffin Island 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #16 Social Studies -- Geography Rising in the Gaumukh River, this river's source is traditionally held to be the sacred glacier Gangotori. Traversing some 1500 miles and draining one-fourth of its nation's land, it flows though the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Calcutta. Joining the Brahmaputra to form the Padma, FTP, name this sacred river of the Hindus. Answer: Ganges 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley and South Carolina - #5 Social Studies -- Geography The capital of this country faces the Gulf of Gonave, and its chief mountain system, the Massif du Nord, reaches its maximum height at Mount La Selle in the southeast. Its main waterway is the Artibonite River, while its most fertile region is the coastal plain known as the Plaine du Nord, which is dangerously overpopulated. These same population problems have also led to the massive deforestation which its neighbor to the east has avoided. With its capital at Port au Prince, FTP, what is this country which shares Hispanola with the Dominican Republic? Answer: Haiti 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #2 Social Studies -- Geography Its name is derived from the Guarauno meaning "a place to paddle," since it is one of the few major navigable rivers in the region. It begins on Mount Delgado Chalbaud, passes through stone plateaus called tepuys on its way through the Guyana Shield, forms part of the border with Colombia, and enters the Caribbean through a delta after traversing the planes known as the llanos. For 10 points-name this longest river of Venezuela. Answer: Orinoco River 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #6 Social Studies -- Geography The city of San Juan del Sur sits on the southwest coast of this nation, but San Juan del Norte, which lies on its east coast, is further south. Bluefields, on its Caribbean coast, is a center for drug trafficking. León, which was its capital until 1855, is its second-largest city, while the city of Granada lies on its namesake lake, the largest in Central America. FTP, name this nation with capital at Managua. Answer: Nicaragua 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #10 Social Studies -- Geography Furnace Creek feeds into this region which is bounded on the west by the Panamint Range, which contains its highest point, Telescope Peak. Greatly popularized by the adventurer Walter Scott, its eastern border is the Amargosa Mountains, which share their name with a river which contains a small pool known as Badwater. FTP, what is this arid valley which reaches a depth of 282 feet below sea level, making it the lowest point in North America? Answer: Death Valley 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois and Yale - #5 Social Studies -- Geography Tributaries include the Tiete and the Iguacu, while its Guaira Falls were completely submerged by the Itaipu Dam. It forms south of Brasilia, where a similarly named river joins the Rio Grande rivers. It then flows southwest, and forms the southern border of Paraguay. After a stretch in Argentina, it merges with the Uruguay River, and flows through Buenos Aires into the Rio de la Plata. FTP, name this South American river, whose name might be confused with that of a vicious fish. Answer: Parana River 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #10 Social Studies -- Geography In this country's south, the forearc basin and coast range that frames its central valley are partially flooded by the Corcovado Gulf and Moraleda Canal, leaving islands like Gran Guaiteca that make up its Los Chonos Archipelago. Its longest rivers are the Baker and its only perennial stream, the Loa, both located in the north, whose nitrate and copper wealth is tapped by the cities of Chiquicamata and La Serena. Its chief ports include Iquique, Coquimbo and Puerto Montt. FTP, name this country extending from the Atacama Desert to Tierra del Fuego, with capital at Santiago. Answer: Chile 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #8 Social Studies -- Geography The northern four-fifths of this river's valley is covered by an artificial lake created in 1965 by the Akosombo Dam, located where it cuts through the Akwapim-Togo Range. Its two main branches are the Mouhoun and the Nakambe, or "Black" and "White", and it picks up such tributaries as the Afram and the Oti en route to the Gulf of Guinea. With a Portuguese name meaning "twisting", FTP, what is this chief river system of Ghana which supplied the colonial name for Burkina Faso? Answer: Volta River 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland - #17 Social Studies -- Geography A group of about 200 small islands, their highest point is Mount Usborne at 2300 feet. Its government also administers the Shag and Clerke rocks, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Dominated by two islands appropriately known as East and West Island, sheep grazing is their main industry, which can be seen on their flag that features a ram, the ship of the island's discoverer, and the Union Jack on the top left. FTP, name this British territory of the South Atlantic with capital at Stanley, the subject of conflict between Great Britain and Argentina. Answer: Falkland Islands or Islas Malvinas 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #12 Social Studies -- Geography This state is highly mountainous, reaching its maximum height at Legge Tor. With the exception of its capital, the only other city of more than 50,000 people is Launceston. It includes many offshore islands, including the Hunter Islands and the islands of Flinders, King, Bruny, and Macquarie, the last of which is subantarctic. With its capital at Hobart, it is separated from the mainland by the Bass Strait. Originally known as Van Diemen's Land, FTP, what is this island state of Australia known for its indigenous "devil"? Answer: Tasmania 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #13 Social Studies -- Geography Much of this island's terrain is impassable, but access is provided by rivers such as the Barito and Kapuas. Highly mountainous, it reaches its highest point at Mt. Kinabalu. The interior is populated by the indigenous Dyaks, found mainly in the region known as Kalimantan. In the north are the states of Sabah and Sarawak and the sultanate of Brunei. FTP, what is this third largest island in the world, divided between Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia? Answer: Borneo 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #11 Social Studies -- Geography Telpos-Iz is one of the major peaks in this mountain range, whose southern section is known as the Mugodzhar Hills. The central section is known as the Ore, and is home to Mount Yamantau and one of the largest industrial regions in the world, while its highest peaks are found in the north, reaching a height of 6,217 feet at Mount Nayodnaya. FTP, what is this mountain range, the traditional dividing-line between Europe and Asia? Answer: Ural Mountains 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #9 Social Studies -- Geography In the north of this country is the vast tropical forest known as the Peten, as well as the Lake Izabal-Rio Dulce river system, to the south of which is the largest river, the Motagua. The population is concentrated in a highland region which cuts across the country from east to west, and is home to Lake Atitlan and the inactive volcano Tajumulco, the highest point in Central America. Major cities include Quetzaltenango, San Jose, and Puerto Barrios. Bordered by El Salvador, Hondorus, Belize, and Mexico, FTP, what is this country which chares its name with the capital city? Answer: Republic of Guatemala 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #21 Social Studies -- Geography Many important public buildings can be found in Cathays Park, while nearby is the medieval cathedral of Llandaff. Its growth was stimulated by the building of docks like Penarth and Barry, and until the early 20th century it was one of the world's leading coal-shipping ports. Located on the Taff River, it grew from a namesake castle built on the site of a Roman fort in 1090 into a city of 320,000. FTP, what is this city, the capital and largest city in Wales? Answer: Cardiff 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #15 Social Studies -- Geography This river falls 72 feet at the rapids of the Khone Falls, and its floodwaters often reverse the flow of the Tonle Sap River, which flows into it during the dry season. From its marshy source in the Rup-sa Pass of Tibet it rises as the Za Qu River, flowing generally south through Yunnan Province before reaching the major port Phnom Penh and forming much of Laos' border with Myanmar and Thailand. Known for its great delta, FTP, what is this major river of southeast Asia? Answer: Mekong (or Lancang) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #21 Social Studies -- Geography The second largest island in this group is home to the former capital, Atuona, and a major harbor known as the Bay of Traitors, while its largest island was claimed for the United States by David Porter and named Madison Island. The northwest group of islands is sometimes called the Washington Islands, and includes Hatatu, Motu Iti, and Ua Pou, while the southeastern group, sometimes called the Mendana Islands, includes Hiva Oa, the burial place of Paul Gaugain. FTP, what is this part of French Polynesia whose largest island, Nuku Hiva, was the site of the fourth installment of Survivor? Answer: Marquesas Islands 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #17 Social Studies -- Geography The western region of this country is a vast desert split into three regions, the mountainous Kaokeveld region in the north, which includes the Otavi mountains, the sandy Arandis region in the center, and the rocky Oranjemund area in the south, located west of the Basotho Highlands. The official language is English and the major ethnic groups include the Ovambo and Kavango. The agricultural central plateau region borders the Kunene and Okavango river valleys on the north and the Orange River on the south. Formerly known as Southwest Africa, FTP name this African nation which contains the Caprivi Strip, whose capital is Windhoek. Answer: Namibia 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #11 Social Studies -- Geography This city was founded under the name Sunda Kelapa and took its present name in 1527 during the reign of Fatahillah. Famous attractions include the Textile Museum and the Rangunan Zoo, and its native inhabitants are called Betawi. Divided into Central, North, South, East, and West districts, this capital city lies on the Ciliwung river. Formerly controlled by the Dutch and called Batavia, FTP, what is this city on the island of Java, the capital of Indonesia? Answer: Jakarta 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #14 Social Studies -- Geography The largest permanent stream in this region is the Kerulen River. Its western part is entirely sandy, but much of the rest is composed of great stony expanses. The site of the discovery of the first dinosaur eggs, its Yulduz Valley is enclosed by the Chol-tagh and the Kurugh-tagh, which are sub-ranges of the Tian-shan mountain range. FTP, what is this large desert shared by Mongolia and China? Answer: Gobi Desert 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Central Florida - #9 Social Studies -- Geography Most of the eastern half of this state is part of the Drift Prairie, while its western half is mountainous, reaching its highest point at Harney Peak. Its largest body of water, Lake Oahe, receives and is drained by the Missouri River, which bisects this state from north to south, but which doesn't prevent the dry environment that results in its "black blizzards" of topsoil. FTP, name this state, home to Wind Cave, the Badlands, and Mount Rushmore. Answer: South Dakota 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #14 Social Studies -- Geography This lake is composed of two basins separated by a ridge known as the Great Barrier. When the lake is high, the southern basin is diverted near the site of Borkou through a string of basins called Soro. It is primarily fed by the Komadugu, Yobe, and Chari Rivers. FTP, name this fourth largest lake on the African continent that lies at the conjunction of Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and its namesake country. Answer: Lake Chad 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #22 Social Studies -- Geography Located in the La Gran Sabro region on the Churun River, a tributary of the Caroni, it is found on Auyan Tepui. First reported in 1937 when their discoverer crashed his plane on a nearby mountain, its main cataract drops 3,212 feet. For 10 points-name this Venezuelan waterfall, the highest in the world. Answer: Angel Falls 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #15 Social Studies -- Geography This country's main rivers are the Purari, Fly, and Sepik, and its central mountain chain, the Highlands, reaches its highest point at Mount Wilhelm. It includes the archipelagoes of Bismarck, Buka, and Bougainville, the latter of which declared independence in 1990, but has not been recognized by any country. Its main land is found to the east of Irian Jaya, and it has its capital at Port Moresby. FTP, name this Southeastern Pacific nation that shares with Indonesia the second largest island in the world. Answer: Independent State of Papua New Guinea 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Emory - #3 Social Studies -- Geography The south part of this city is found on the banks of the Riachuelo River, to the north of which are major neighborhoods like La Boca and San Telmo. Its inhabitants call themselves porteños, and it is home to attractions like the Calle Florida and the "Pink House". It is located at the northeastern edge of the Pampas, where the Parana River delta widens to meet the Rio del la Plata. Named for St. Mary of the Good Air, FTP, what is this largest city and capital of Argentina? Answer: Buenos Aires 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Emory - #21 Social Studies -- Geography It was laid out in 1821 on a central location called LeFleur's Bluff overlooking the Pearl River. Originally, Thomas Jefferson's plan called for an orthogonal grid of streets, with alternating blocks of buildings and city parks like a checkerboard, but that plan has not survived to the present. Forty years later, it could only boast 1,881 inhabitants, but it nevertheless became a major manufacturing and transportation center for the Confederacy, and its large supply of rum assisted Sherman in his pillaging and burning of the city on 15 May 1863. Nicknamed "Chimneyville" for the namesake structures left standing by Grant's army, FTP, this is what largest city and capital of Mississippi? Answer: Jackson 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Emory - #23 Social Studies -- Geography Its shape has been compared to "a long, pliant, apple-paring" and the first Europeans to see it originally called it the "Rio Grande." Its source, not identified until 1832, is named for the Latin for "true head." Its greatest flood occurred in 1927, submerging 23,000 square miles of land and killing 250 people; now, about a quarter of its sediment and water has been diverted to the Atchafalaya. Emptying into the Gulf of Mexico principally via South Pass and Southwest Pass, Louisiana, FTP, what is this river whose name means "Father of the Waters", the longest in North America. Answer: Mississippi River 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #3 Social Studies -- Geography This city's importance stems in part from its location at the intersection of three important trade routes, including a valley formed by the Morava and Vardar rivers. Known in ancient times as Singidunum, it now has a name meaning "White Fortress". It was the site of an August 16, 1717 victory by Prince Eugene over overwhelming Turkish forces, and in 1456 a siege was successfully weathered there by John Hunyadi. Located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, FTP, what is this capital of Serbia? Answer: Belgrade or Beograd (prompt on Singidunum) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #8 Social Studies -- Geography Measuring about 860 miles long, its tributaries include the Rahad and Dindar. Its namesake gorge is a notable fossil site, and it is known as Abbai in Ethiopia, where it flows from Lake Tana. It is dammed at Roseires and Sennar for farming, while a larger dam downstream reduces the effects of its flooding, since its high volume each summer had caused annual floods in Egypt. FTP, name this river that merges in Khartoum with the White Nile. Answer: Blue Nile or Al Bahr Al Azraq (do not prompt on "Nile") 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #5 Social Studies -- Geography Its resources include Bernic Lake, home to the world's richest cesium mine, the flax and wheat-farming Souris Plains, and the Flin Flon Zinc District. In its southwest, the land rises to the Pembina and Porcupine plateaus, which are home to its Riding Mountain National Park. The Assinboine River supports its second largest city, Brandon, while other rivers include the Nelson, Churchill, and Hayes. The easternmost of the Prairie Provinces, FTP, name this Canadian province with capital Winnipeg. Answer: Manitoba 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #5 Social Studies -- Geography The Cowlitz, Pend Oreille, and Okanogan are major tributaries of this river featuring a sweeping curve in mid-course known as the "Big Bend". It runs for 1,240 miles, and among North American rivers has the fourth largest discharge of water. Rising in the Canadian Rockies, it spends 500 miles in Canada before entering the United States, joining tributaries like the Willamette and Snake before entering the Pacific. FTP, what is this river whose last 300 miles forms the border between Oregon and Washington? Answer: Columbia river 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #21 Social Studies -- Geography It arcs over a length of 1,580 miles with a mean width of 43 miles. The most extensive explorations of it were made on the ship Trieste by Jacques Piccard. One part of it, Nero Deep, was discovered southeast of Guam, while later the research ship Vityaz sounded an even greater depth of over 36,000 feet. FTP, what is this trench of the Pacific Ocean, the deepest known? Answer: Mariana(s) Trench 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #14 Social Studies -- Geography This country claims a number of small islands, including Europa, the Glorioso Islands, and Tromelin. Home to the Betsiboka and Sofia rivers, it consists of a low coastal strip surrounding central highlands that are home to the Ankaratra Mountains and Mount Maromokotro, its highest point. The people include those of African and Malayo-Indonesian descent, most of whom speak Malagasy. With capital at Antananarivo, FTP, what is this African republic found on the world's fourth largest island? Answer: Democratic Republic of Madagascar 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #5 Social Studies -- Geography In the north of this body of water is found Missisquoi Bay, while its southern terminus is marked by the appropriately named South Bay. Running 107 miles from north to south, it reaches a maximum width of only 14 miles. In the southwest, a narrow channel brings water from neighboring Lake George. Known for its scenic islands, including Isle La Motte, Grand Isle, and Valcour Island, it is drained by the Richelieu River, which connects it to the St. Lawrence. Found mainly along the New York-Vermont border, FTP, what is this lake named for a French explorer? Answer: Lake Champlain 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #4 Social Studies -- Geography It was first explored by Lazare Picault in 1742 and is composed of two main island groups: forty central mountainous islands and 70 outer, coralline islands. It also claims the Chagos archipelago, which has put it in dispute with one of its former colonizers. Seselwa is its official language, but both English and French are just as likely to be used. The larger islands include Silhouette, Praslin, and La Digue, but 90% of the population, as well as the capital, is found on the main island of Mahe. FTP, identify this island republic 1,000 miles east of Kenya with capital at Victoria. Answer: Seychelles 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #8 Social Studies -- Geography By 1957, parliamentary democracy in this country had given way to what was known as "Guided Democracy", a semi-dictatorship based on the 1945 constitution. Some of its indigenous people established the Majapahit kingdom, which supplanted the earlier Srivijaya empire. Independence from the Dutch was proclaimed in 1945 by Mohammed Hatta and Achmad Sukarno, the latter of whom was deposed in 1967 by General Suharto. Troubles in East Timor have occurred in recent years in, FTP, what country whose capital is Jakarta? Answer: Indonesia 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #16 Social Studies -- Geography Two notable species that live in this mountain's moorlands are the giant lobelia and the giant groundsel. One of its peaks, Shira, rises to only 13,000 feet, and is the remnant of an earlier volcano. A saddle at about 15,000 feet connects its two main peaks, the 16,900 foot high Mawensi and Kibo, whose height of 19,340 makes it the highest on the continent. FTP, what is this mountain found in Tanzania? Answer: Kilimanjaro 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #23 Social Studies -- Geography It first became an independent republic in 1847 and subsequently was never established as a European colony. The country fared relatively well while nearly all of its neighbors were engulfed by fighting until 1980, when Samuel Doe led a military coup in protest of rising prices. His regime, however, would doom the nation's economy, paving the way for a brutally crushed putsch that led to violent civil war. FTP, name this African nation that may be on the rebound with the departure of Charles Taylor. Answer: Liberia 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #10 Social Studies -- Geography Located at the western terminus of the Manych Canal, in its western part lies the Arabat Spit, a sandbar that separates it from a system of marshy inlets called the Syvash. Approximately 210 miles long, the Yeya and Don flow into one its arms, the Taganrog Gulf. Bordering Russia and the Crimea, FTP, name this sea, the world's shallowest. Answer: Sea of Azov 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Virginia - #18 Social Studies -- Geography Its origins are obscure, but it probably became a distinct political entity when Sheptoon La-Pha became king. In 1865 it signed the Treaty of Sinchulu with Britain, under which it gained a subsidy in exchange for being under Britain's political "guidance", a role that passed to India in 1947. The Duars Plain is found in the south, while in the north is the Greater Himalayas. FTP, what is this sovereign kingdom bordered by India and Tibet and whose capital is Thimphu? Answer: Kingdom of Bhutan 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley B, Rutgers, and Chris Romero - #19 Social Studies -- Geography Inland towns in this nation, including Yobokhi and Dikhil, are separated from the coast by a series of plateaus including Moussi Ali, its highest point. It shares the lake Abhe Bad with its neighbor to the west. Coastal towns include Khor Angar, which lies on the western banks of the Bab El Mandeb, and Obock, which, like its namesake capital, lies on the Gulf of Tadjoura, an inlet of the Gulf of Aden. FTP, name this small African nation bordered by Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Answer: Djibouti 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley C, Florida State B, and Alfred University - #24 Social Studies -- Geography Its cities include Talas, Osh and its chief port Ysyk-Kol. It has a bicameral Supreme Council known as the Zhogorku Kenesh and its president Askar Akayev has been in office since before it gained its official independence on August 31st 1991. The Naryn River runs through the middle of the country and Its highest point is at Jengish Chokusu located in the Tien Shan Mountian range in the east of this nation. FTP, name this mountainous former Soviet Republic that borders China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan and has its capital at Bishkek. Answer: Kyrgyzstan 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Carleton and Georgia Tech B - #23 Social Studies -- Geography Until 1813 when Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson, and William Wentworth passed over it, it was a major barrier against westward colonization. It is not in fact a single unit as it includes many chains, including the Carnarvon Range, the Blue Mountains, and the Snowy Mountains. Containing the headwaters of rivers such as the Darling, it splits the watershed between the Murray-Darling Basin and the Pacific Ocean. Stretching from Cape York Peninsula in Queensland to Victoria in the south, FTP, what is this mountain range in the eastern part of Australia? Answer: Great Dividing Range 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A and Vanderbilt A - #15 Social Studies -- Geography It might contain over 6 billion barrels of oil in the Spratly Islands region, but so far exploration has proved too costly. Other islands in it include the Paracel Islands and Pagasa Island, and its sea floor ranges from 100 meters deep on the Sunda continental shelf to over 5000 meters deep in the Philippine basin. More than half of the supertanker traffic in the world passes through this body of water, largely via the Strait of Malacca. It is bordered by the Strait of Taiwan, the Karimata Straits, and the Gulf of Tonkin. FTP, name this sea that is claimed in part by Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and its namesake country. Answer: South China Sea 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A and Vanderbilt A - #23 Social Studies -- Geography The nice shopping areas of this city include the mall Sandton City, the intimate Melville Village and multicultural Oriental Plaza. Museums include the Hector Pieterson Museum, memorializing the namesake student who was killed by police guns, and the Museum Africa that showcases the city's history. FTP, what is this capital of Gauteng province, a city that is also home to the Apartheid Museum and Nelson Mandela's residence and is the most populous city in South Africa? Answer: Johannesburg 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago C, Kentucky A, and Delaware - #5 Social Studies -- Geography In a former swampland, once called Lake Merom, in the Hula valley this river is formed from the combination of the http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=256500&typeId=13Hasbani, Dan, and http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=51865&typeId=13Baniyas streams of Mount Hermon. En route to its terminus it receives the tributaries Yabis and Harod and spreads out in a plain known as Ghor. Earlier in its course it had received its principal tributaries the Jabbok and Yarmuk after flowing out of the Sea of Galilee. FTP name this river which empties into the Dead Sea and forms part of the boundaries of Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, who currently occupies its West Bank. Answer: Jordan River 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #20 Social Studies -- Geography It used to be known as the Atil, meaning "big river," and among the cities it serves are Saratov and Tver'. Along with such tributaries as the Oka, Vetluga, and Kama, it forms the largest river system in its continent. After rising in the Valdai Hills, it flows east past Kazan before turning south, passing Samara, and emptying into the Caspian Sea. FTP, name this 2,300-mile-long river, which starts northwest of Moscow. Answer: Volga River 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Kentucky C - #10 Social Studies -- Geography About two-thirds of the way through its course it receives the Meta River on its left and joins the Apure River. Early on it divides at La Esmeralda, and one of its arms, the Casiquiare River, flows southward. After it rises in the Parima Mountains, it follows a course resembling a reverse C and goes through the plains known as the Llanos [YA-nose] before entering the Atlantic Ocean. FTP, name this South American river that flows mostly through Venezuela. Answer: Orinoco River 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Kentucky C - #22 Social Studies -- Geography If the block opposite an observer moves to the right, it is termed right lateral and in the opposite case, left lateral. Examples include Astypalaea Linea on Europa, and the Altyn Tagh, in the Tibetan plateau. Also known as wrench, transcurrent, or wrench types, their best example might be the San Andreas. FTP, name this kind of fault in which there exists a vertical fissure between two tectonic plates moving in opposite directions. Answer: strike-slip fault (prompt on "fault") 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #9 Social Studies -- Geography The town of Calama and the La Silla and Paranal Observatories are located within this area, but Iquique and Antofagasta are more famous cities. The Escondida Mine exploits the sodium nitrate, gold, and copper resources that led to a series of border wars in the 1800's. The Pan-American Highway passes through the region, lying south of the Altiplano in an ultra-dry rain shadow zone east of a region of the Andes. FTP, name this incredibly dry desert of northern Chile. Answer: Atacama Desert (prompt on Chile before "rain shadow") 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #10 Social Studies -- Geography Oscar Eckenstein's 1902 expedition, Charles Houston's 1938 expedition, and Fritz Wiessner's 1939 expedition all marked failed attempts at the first full ascent of this mountain. Finally, an expedition led by Ardito Desio in 1954 saw the Italians Lacedelli and Compagnoni become the first people to reach its summit. Today, the most common route for climbers is the Abruzzi Spur on its Pakistan side, though routes also exist on its side in China. Also known as Godwin-Austen, FTP, name this tallest peak in the Karakorum range and second highest mountain in the world. Answer: K2 or Chogori (accept early buzz of "Mount Godwin-Austen") 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by St. Thomas - #10 Social Studies -- Geography Its name is derived from the Turkic for "island", referring to its position as a remote outpost of water in a sea of desert. Its Barsa-Kelmes island houses an important nature reserve and this body of water is now divided into a small northern "lake" and a large southern one, but this was not the case before cotton production began diverting river water in the 1960's. It is fed by the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers and is shared by Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. FTP, name this rapidly-shrinking Central Asian lake. Answer: Aral Sea 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Subash Maddipoti - #14 Social Studies -- Geography It is situated in its namesake national park and is near Mounts Twynam, North Ramshead, Carruthers, and Townsend. It is primarily accessed via a trek through Charlotte Pass, and its melting snows feed the rivers and reservoirs of the hydroelectric scheme in the Snowy Mountains. First climbed in 1840 by Paul de Strzelecki, FTP, identify this tallest mountain in Australia, which is named for a Polish statesman and American Revolutionary War hero. Answer: Mount Kosciusko 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Swarthmore A and South Carolina - #10 Social Studies -- Geography Some of their most notable features include the Sierra de Tramuntana Mountains, the Cala Saona and the S'Albufera d'es Grau wetlands. The archipelago of Cabrera is a national maritime territorial park, and other members include Formentera. Their two major languages are Catalan and Castilian, which are spoken on such locales as Menorca. FTP, name this Mediterranean island group, whose other islands include Ibiza and Majorca. Answer: Balearic Islands 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M and Florida B - #21 Social Studies -- Geography Tondaemum is one of the important shopping sections of this city, which is serviced by Kimp'o International Airport. Important cultural sites include Sejong Cultural Center and the National Museum located on the grounds of Kyongbok Palace, which was the residence for the rulers of the Yi dynasty. Located on the Han River, its name has come to mean capital in the language of its residents, although there are plans to have Gonju replace it as its country's capital. FTP, name this host of the 1988 Summer Olympics and largest city in South Korea. Answer: Seoul (or Soul-t'ukpyolsi) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA and Florida C - #25 Social Studies -- Geography It contains the Turneffe Islands and several atolls although it itself as not an island as erroneously described in the 2004 Olympic Opening ceremonies. Its only major highways not named for cardinal directions are the Hummingbird Highway and the Coastal Road. Its southern border is at the Sarstoon River and its Northern border is at the Rio Hondo. Gaining its independence from Britain in 1981, FTP, identify this only Central American country without a Pacific coast which has its capital at Belmopan. Answer: Belize 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #16 Social Studies -- Geography This country controls the enclave of Artsvashen within its eastern neighbor. Kapan is the leading city in its southern Syunik province, while the north contains the Debed and Hrazdan rivers and Lake Sevana. Its chief farming regions include the Shirak Steppe and Ararat Plain. This country has had an ongoing dispute with Azerbaijan over control of the Nagorno-Karabakh region. FTP, name this former Soviet republic which also borders Turkey and Iran and has its capital at Yerevan. Answer: Republic of Armenia (or Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun) 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Yaphe - #24 Social Studies -- Geography It has access to the Pacific through a small coastline on the Gulf of Fonseca, where its port of Amapala is located. The Patuca and Ulua river systems drain the nation's north, which is home to many banana plantations, while its ports include Tela and La Ceiba. Featuring the treacherous Mosquito Coast, it is bounded by the Caribbean Sea, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. FTP, name this Central American nation whose capital is Tegucigalpa. Answer: Honduras 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A, NC State, and Florida B - #21 Social Studies -- Geography This mountain was first summitted on December 18, 1966, in an American Alpine Club expedition sponsored by the Nation Science Foundation and led by Nicholas Clinch. In January 2001, an eight-person team sponsored by Nova became the first to climb the eastern face of this Sentinel Range peak discovered by Herbert Hollick-Kenyon and Lincoln Ellsworth. For ten points, name this mountain visible from the Ronne Ice Shelf, the highest in Antarctica. Answer: Vinson Massif 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by FSU A, Michigan B, and South Carolina A - #23 Social Studies -- Geography It cuts out Goring Gap and receives the Medway and Churn. Fry's Island and Canvey Island are found within it, and it ends after Teddington Lock near the lighthouse at Nore. Its freshwater to estuary transition occurs at Battersea. The Jubilee River was built during the 1990s to divert floodwater from this river, which originates near Kemble village in the Cotswold Hills of Gloucestershire County. It is called the Isis when it flows through Oxford. FTP, connects London to the sea. Answer: Thames [accept Isis before it is read] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Grinnell Lyon, Chicago E, UBC A, Florida A, and Penn - #7 Social Studies -- Geography Grosse Garten park is found in this city, whose Museum of Hygiene is a world leader in the manufacture of see-through anatomical models. It is home to such museums as the Japanese Palace, Semper Gallery, and Zwinger Gallery. The Wettinerpalais, Albrechtsberg, and Georgenschloss palaces and such churches as the Hofkirche, , and Kreuzkirche are found here, and its Old City houses the Old Masters Picture Gallery and the 'Green Vault', the treasure chamber for Saxon kings. FTP, name this "Florence on the Elbe," the capital city of Saxony state and original center of European porcelain manufacture which was nearly destroyed by Allied bombings. Answer: Dresden 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A, Williams A, Alfred, Southeastern, Carleton B, UTC B - #15 Social Studies -- Geography Its level is greatly affected by the sudestanos and pampero winds. It contains the islands of Farallón , Hornos, and Martín García, and its banks form several shoals which bear names such as Honda, Rouen, and Arquímedes. Colonia and Tigre are on its banks, while a notable part of it extends from Punta Lara to Colonia del Sacramento. Formed out of the confluence of the Paraná, this area is overlooked by Buenos Aires and Montevideo. FTP, identify this river and estuary system of Uruguay and Argentina. Answer: Rio de la Plata [or River Plate; or River of Silver] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky C and Grinnell Vigeland and Northwestern B and UCLA novice - #6 Social Studies -- Geography Its portion above King Hill powers the American Fall Dam and receives the Portneuf, Raft, Big Wood, and Henrys Fork tributaries. The South Fork of this river flows along the east of the Grand Tetons, south from Shoshone, Lewis, and Heart lakes, in Yellowstone, widening into Jackson Lake, from which it passes through Jackson Hole, Wyoming. It receives its North Fork and makes a turn at Lewiston after forming part of the Oregon-Idaho border, and then flows west to Pasco. FTP, name this river, the chief tributary of the Colombia, which flows through Hells Canyon. Answer: Snake River 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by LSU, MIT, and UNC - #9 Social Studies -- Geography A type of glacier formed wholly from drift snow is endemic to and named for this range. Their southern branch has its highest point at Yamantau and extends to the Mughalzar Hills. Their namesake river originates at Kruglaya and flows into the sea at Atyrau. A major source of topaz and beryl, they have a branch called Pay-Khoy Ridge, they can be passed at Perm and Yekaterinburg, and their highest peak is Mount Narodnaya FTP, name this mountain range that is considered to be the border between Europe and Asia. Answer: Ural Mountains [or Uralsky Khrebet] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by LSU, MIT, and UNC - #20 Social Studies -- Geography Xenophon mentions it in his Anabasis, stating that its government was run by village herdsmen who paid tribute in horses. Following the Battle of Magnesia, Zariades established himself as king of Sophene, thus helping to found this kingdom together with Artaxias. Tacitus referred to the people of this place as "ambiguous," and it caused strife between Rome and Parthia until the treaty of Rhandeia. Tiridates III converted this kingdom to Christianity, and following Manzikert Alp Arslan conquered most of this land. Most famously ruled in ancient times by Tigranes the Great, FTP, name this kingdom, of which only a small portion is now contained by the Transcaucasian nation with its capital at Yerevan. Answer: Armenia or Armenian Hayastan or Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #1 Social Studies -- Geography Tourist attractions in this city include the Waring Street banks, rose bushes in Dixon Park, the Crown Liquor Saloon, and the Linen Hall Library. It is built around the twelfth-century castle of John de Courci and was revived in the early seventeenth century by Arthur Chichester. One translation of its name is "crossing of the river," referring to its position on the Lagan. It is serviced by the Aldergrove airport, while riskier transportation here included the Harland and Wolff shipyards, builders of the Titanic. Its suburb of Stormont is home to the provincial legislature, and it also hosts the University of Ulster. FTP, name this capital of Northern Ireland. Answer: Belfast [or Béal Feirste] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #20 Social Studies -- Geography This present-day country was the site of the Battle of the Three Kings, securing its independence for centuries, and later, its independence was controversially supported by Kaiser Wilhelm II, leading to a settlement of its status at the Algeciras conference. Five years later, the "Panther's Leap" incident off its shores resulted in the internationalization of Tangier. In 1936, it was where Francisco Franco pronounced his war on the Spanish Republic, and the consequences of Spain's departure from here included the Green March against the Polisario Front. FTP, name this country presently ruled by Mohammed VI which is engaged in an independence dispute with Western Sahara. Answer: Kingdom of Morocco [or Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A, GWU, and Rose Hulman - #25 Social Studies -- Geography Much of this island is dominated by a central ridge which bisects it and includes its highest peak, Monte Cinto, as well as a protected wildlife preserve which shelters the mouflon and a type of red deer endemic to the island. It is officially a "collective territory" but is a de facto région of France and, like the island to the south of it from which it is separated by the Strait of Bonifacio, its flag features a Moor's head. For 10 points name this third-largest Mediterranean island, behind Sicily and Sardinia, whose admninistrative capital, Ajaccio, was the birthplace of Napoleon. Answer: Corsica 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers and CMU - #15 Social Studies -- Geography In 1999, Rick Janowitz determined that this river's source is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake, though many consider it to "officially" start at Marsh Lake. Along its course, it carves out Miles Canyon, which is spanned by the Robert Lowe Suspension bridge, and also receives the Porcupine, Fortymile, and Klondike before emptying into the Bering Sea. Passing through the towns of Galena, Dawson, and Whitehorse, it is the longest river in Alaska. FTP, name this river that is also the longest in the Canadian territory with which it shares its name. Answer: Yukon River 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina A, Yale A, Grinnell Driscoll, Chicago D, and Florida D - #7 Social Studies -- Geography Its highest point is the Abu Awdah, and its borders overlook Nir Yizheq and Ashqualon. Developed areas here include Beit Hanun and An Nazlah in the north as well as Rafah and Khan Yunis in the south. A small area on its southern border is known as Brazil, which like Nusayrat and Al Amal, is a refugee camp. Bedola, Dugit, and Nezarim are among the areas that may dissapear from its map following the withdrawal of settlements. FTP, name this 140 square mile territory on the west of Israel. Answer: the Gaza strip [or Qita Ghazzah; or Rezu'at Azza] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M, Swarthmore, and Illinois B - #21 Social Studies -- Geography Bordered on the southeast by the Manzano Mountains and on the south by the Isleta Pueblo, this city is home to the Petroglyph National Monument and the Elena Gallegos Open Space. The La Luz Trail in the Cibola National Forest extends from the northeast of this city to the top of the Sandia Peak, which is also reachable via the world's longest tramway. Known as the Duke City because it was named for a Spanish viceroy, this city has an annual balloon fiesta and is the home of Kirtland Air Force Base. FTP, identify this western city on the Rio Grande River, the home to Sandia and Los Alamos laboratories and the most populated city in New Mexico. Answer: Albuquerque 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA - #18 Social Studies -- Geography Its eastern area contains Wickham Heights, which rises in Mount Usborne, while its western area is dominated by Hornby Mountains. John Strong named it for a viscount, while Sebald Van Weert called it the Sebalds. Southeast of the Jason islands, it is divided in half by Grantham Sound, and has a lighthouse at Cape Pembroke on its East Island next to Stanley, which was held for 10 weeks by a foreign power in the early 80s. Northwest of South Sandwich Islands and northeast of Tierra del Fuego is, FTP, what this set of islands, a self-governing British dependency invaded by Argentina in 1982? Answer: Falkland islands; or islas Malvinas 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UT-Austin, Chicago B, Yale B, Florida C, and Laurentian - #11 Social Studies -- Geography This term is also used as part of a two-tiered system in New Brunswick, but in its American application, the northeastern ones include East Caroll, Madison, and Tensas, while the southwest is made up of Cameron and Calcisseau. The use of this term reflects the area's French heritage, and more notable ones include St. Charles, Jefferson, Caddo, and Nachitoches, while Vernon, Catahoula, St. Tammany and Caldwell were among those declared disaster areas in 2005 by Kathleen Blanco. FTP, name this equivalent to counties in Louisiana. Answer: parishes 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt A, Georgia Tech A, and Tulsa - #14 Social Studies -- Geography The central part of its basin is often called the cuvette due to its particular shape. Many lakes, such as Upemba and Bangweulu, are found in its upper regions and early tributaries like the Lualaba. Kisangani, which is just downstream from the formerly named Stanley Falls, marks the beginning of its navigable region, which lasts until its estuary begins at Matadi prior to the port city of Banana. The capital cities of Brazzaville and Kinshasa lie on opposite banks of, FTP, what second-longest river in Africa that lends its name to two of the countries it separates? Answer: Congo River [prompt on Zaire River] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A - #12 Social Studies -- Geography Oddly named towns near its western border include Overflowing Bay and a place presumably named in tribute to the Boer War, Mafeking. Duck Mountain park contains its highest point, Baldy Mountain, and its official coat of arms is a St. George's Cross and a bison on a green shield, which is set next to a Union Jack against a red background on its flag. It is home to a lake where Black, Deer, and Hecla islands can be found near the town of Gimli and the source of the Nelson River, while its town of Brochet is on the east side of Reindeer Lake and York Factory and Churchill sit on its shore with Hudson Bay. The smallest territorial division of the Lake of the Woods is also found in this province which borders Minnesota and North Dakota. For ten points, name this home of Lake Winnipeg which lies between Ontario and Saskatchewan. Answer: Manitoba 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia Tech A, Oklahoma A, and Florida B - #4 Social Studies -- Geography The feminist Sylvia Pankhurst is buried in Holy Trinity Cathedral in this city. Taxis known as "blue donkeys" provide transportation in this city, and it is served by Lideta and Bole airports. Attractions include Shango hall, which was built in Finland before being transported there, and the eucalyptus trees that line the main streets. A statue known as "The Lion of Judah" stands in the middle of downtown in this city, which serves as the headquarters for the UN in Africa. Situated at the foot of Mt. Entoto, this is, FTP, what city founded by Emperor Menelik II, the capital of Ethiopia? Answer: Addis Abbaba 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Illinois B - #6 Social Studies -- Geography Restoration of this country's Cape Coast Castle and Elmina Castle, including the latter's famous "Door of No Return," drew criticism from some African-Americans, who argued that slavery was trivialized by turning Portuguese slave castles into tourist sites. Other tourist sites in this country include the city of Kumasi, the grave of W. E. B. DuBois, and the elaborate Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum. The eastern region of this country is marked by Lake Volta, a huge reservoir created by the Akosombo Dam. Bordered on the north by Burkina Faso and sandwiched between Togo and Côte D'Ivoire, this is, FTP, what country once called the Gold Coast? Answer: Ghana 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B, Maryland B, and Oklahoma B - #2 Social Studies -- Geography One of them is shaped as two rectangles joined by a small spit, and another was the birthplace of one of a designer of the U.S. Capitol, William Thornton. Minor parts have names such as Norman, Peter, and Cooper, while the four principal components of this territory are Gorda, Jost Van Dyke, Anegada and the population center of Tortola. The largest settlement in this riverless territory is Road Town, and the group comprises the eastern extremity of the Greater Antilles. Found to the northeast of a similarly-named American territory, they received internal autonomy in 1977. FTP, name these islands which constitute a Caribbean colony of the United Kingdom. Answer: British Virgin Islands [prompt on partial answer] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Keller - #20 Social Studies -- Geography One river of this name empties into the Akitio River on the North Island of New Zealand. A minor one drains parts of northern Tennessee and southern Kentucky before joining with the Cumberland, while another one formed a namesake gorge in eastern Kentucky that is now a USDA geological area. A longer one arises in China's Yunnan province and empties into the Gulf of Tonkin. Another North American one forms much of the Minnesota-North Dakota border before emptying into Lake Winnipeg, and was the cause of major flooding in 1997 in Grand Forks. The longest and most famous one drains into the Atchafalaya River near Baton Rouge after forming much of the Texas-Oklahoma border. FTP give the common name of these rivers derived from the particular tint of their waters. Answer: Red River 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick A - #19 Social Studies -- Geography The Sloop Clearwater runs trips along this river with the aim of preserving its waters and tributaries such as Esopus Creek. While the river proper begins at Henderson Lake, Lake Tear of the Clouds, which feeds Feldspar Brook, is consider its official source. After receiving the Opalescent River near the town of Tahawus, it receives the Mohawk before passing by West Point and the Palisades. Ending near the Battery and proceeding into the Narrows. FTP, name this major river of New York, which separates Manhattan Island from New Jersey. Answer: Hudson River 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Mike Sorice - #18 Social Studies -- Geography This body of water covers the Dogger Bank moraine and is regulated by the Common Fisheries Policy. Its deepest parts include the Silver Pit and Devils Hole, and a route through the Kattegat strait and Skagerrak connects it to the Baltic Sea. One of its outlets to the Atlantic passes between the Orkney and Shetland islands, and its longest area of depth is called the Norwegian Trench. A namesake canal connects ito Amsterdam, while ports which sit directly on it include Hamburg, Antwerp, and Rotterdam. Name this oil-rich sea which separates the north of the European continent from the British Isles. Answer: the North Sea 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #14 Social Studies -- Geography Its northern shore includes Cape d'Or, which is confusingly named after copper deposits. The first European to discover it was probably Joao Alvares Fagundes, who may have made it all the way to Advocate Harbor. Its easternmost point is in Coquid Bay and its northern point is in Chignecto Bay, but the most famous area, just east of Cape Split, is Minas Basin. Its most distinguishing characteristic is the reversing falls where the St. John River enters it. Located between Maine, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, FTP, identify this body of water in competition with Ungava Bay for the world's highest tides. Answer: Bay of Fundy 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner and Brown - #12 Social Studies -- Geography Scallenberger Ridge is found within the state park by this name, which sits to the north of Coldstream Canyon. The park abuts the lake of the same name, which is fed by Gregory and Summit Creeks and is the source of a namesake creek which flows into the Truckee River about ten miles north of Lake Tahoe. Sitting a hundred miles east of Sacramento, the mountain pass by this name sits upon the major travel route between San Francisco and Reno through the Sierra Nevada. All those features are named for a group which decided to take Hastings Cutoff and became delayed in the Wasatch Mountains in an attempt to reach Sutter's Fort. FTP, give this common name, derived from the brothers Jacob and George who led that ill-fated expedition which became notorious as a "party" of cannibals. Answer: Donner 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #1 Social Studies -- Geography Though it's not in the United States, just off of this region's eastern tip is a land mass known as Staten Island. The only city along National Route 3 between this region's two largest cities was founded in 1972 and is called Tolhuin. At over 8,000 feet, its tallest point is Mount Darwin, and it contains two regional capitals, its largest city, Ushuaia, and Punto Arenas. Its town of Puerto Toro is the world's southernmost and it is separated from a continental mainland by the Strait of Magellan. FTP, name this archipelago shared between Chile and Argentina at the southernmost tip of South America whose name stems from the many fires that its Western discoverer saw from sea. Answer: Tierra del Fuego [accept Land of Fire] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Boston University and Georgia B - #24 Social Studies -- Geography This European region is indented by Arcachon Bay, which is home to the Great Dune of Pyla and is just north of the Landes forest. It is the end terminal of the Adour River, which flows into the Gulf of Vizcaya in this region very near Bayonne. It also sees the confluence of the Dordogne River in its north with the Garonne River to form the massive Gironde estuary. Its major city is Bordeaux and it's bordered to the east by the Midi-Pyrenees region and to the west by the Bay of Biscay. FTP, name this region of southwestern France, home to a medieval queen of England and France named Eleanor. Answer: Aquitaine 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and Vanderbilt A - #24 Social Studies -- Geography Its southernmost and second-largest city is Sanya, a popular resort near Yalong Bay. Populated by tribes like the Maiu and Lois, it contains the artificial Songtao Reservoir and it sits just north of the Paracel Islands, which it claims to own in its role as a province. It also claims to encompass the Spratly Islands further south, and its largest city is the northern seaport Haikou, across the strait from the Guangdong province. Situated between the Gulf of Tonkin to the west and the South China Sea to the east, FTP, name this large Chinese island. Answer: Hainan 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Carnegie Mellon - #6 Social Studies -- Geography This river divides into two channels in its upper course to form a large island known as Majuli. It rises in the Kailas Range near Mapam Lake and is soon joined by the Lohit River. It passes through Xigaze early and becomes navigable near Dibrugarh, then passes through Gauhati. One of the few rivers to exhibit an eagre or tidal bore, it is known as the Dihang River in the lowland plains and splits into the Meghna and the Jamuna rivers when it turns south. FTP, name this river which starts in Tibet, flows through southern China, and then turns into Bangladesh where it empties into the Bay of Bengal forming a massive delta with the Ganges. Answer: Brahmaputra River 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A, Drake A, UNC A - #3 Social Studies -- Geography This city is situated northeast of its neighboring cities Drammen and Skien and just west of its country's longest river, the Glama. Its sights include Frogner Park, which is home to many works of the sculptor Gustav Vigeland, and the Akhersus Fortress, a medieval castle sitting on this city's Aker River. It's also the site of its nation's parliament, called the Storting, and the hugely underrated Kon-Tiki Museum. FTP, name this city once known as Christiania located on its namesake fjord in the North Sea, which is the capital of Norway. Answer: Oslo 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Columbia and South Carolina - #2 Social Studies -- Geography This US state features Mummy Mountain, the Pancake Mountains, the Diamond Mountains, and the Cortez Mountains. A site known as the Three Buddhas is in the town of Gerlach, which sits near the Black Rock Desert between the Calico and Jackson Mountains. One of its national parks contains the Lehman Caves and Wheeler Peak; its western portion features Walker Lake and the towns of Winnemucca andElko sit on its main river, the Humboldt River, in the north. FTP, name this state home to Pyramid Lake, Great Basin National Park, and towns like Paradise, Virginia City, Sparks, Reno, and Las Vegas. Answer: Nevada 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth B - #10 Social Studies -- Geography Just off the coast of this nation lie the Plantain Islands, the Turtle Islands, the Banana Islands, and Sherbro Island. Populated by Mende and Temne peoples, its very few rivers include the Kolente and Kaba and the Loma Mountains lie in the east. Its major port contains King Jimmy Market while its other ports include Pepel and Bonthe and its interior cities include Kenema and Bo. It is covered on the north and east by Guinea and shares its coastal southeastern boundary with Liberia. FTP, name this African nation with a capital founded as a home for liberated slaves, Freetown. Answer: Sierra Leone 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by ACF Editors and California-Irvine - #1 Social Studies -- Geography This river has its origin in a tributary of Teslin Lake, and the part from there to its confluence with the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk was once known as the Lewes River. Its tributaries include the Stewart River and the Tanana River from the east, and it passes through towns like Carmacks, where a bridge is built over it, and Dawson. Another tributary is the Porcupine River from the north, and it widens into a series of flats near Mountain Village and empties near the Norton Sound. Passing through the city of Whitehorse, FTP, name this longest river in Alaska which shares its name with a Canadian territory that borders Alaska. Answer: Yukon River 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #17 Social Studies -- Geography This waterway is invaded in the north by Wilsons Promontory National Park; it also includes Deal Island in the northeast, which is part of the Kent Group and home to a lighthouse. About 300 kilometers wide on average, it is bounded on the east by the Furneaux group of islands and, because it was the site of the Valentich Disappearance, it gives its name to a "triangle" similar to the Bermuda triangle. It basically extends from Christmas Island in the west to Flinders Island in the east. Named for a British explorer, FTP, name this strait which connects the Tasman Sea to the Indian Ocean and sounds like a type of fish. Answer: the Bass Strait 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A, Dartmouth A, and UNC B - #7 Social Studies -- Geography This country is home to the humorously-named village Monkey River Town; it also contains Laughing Bird Caye National Park, Glover's Reef off its coast, and Ambergris Caye. Its south is dominated by the Maya Mountains which are highest at Victoria Peak, and its borders with other nations are delineated by the Sarstun River in the south and the Azul River in the north. To the immediate west of this small country, in another nation, is the Peten Region which contains the site of Tikal. FTP, name this country, once known as the British Honduras, which is bordered by Guatemala and Mexico and has capital at Belmopan. Answer: Belize 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #13 Social Studies -- Geography Largely carved-out from Abenaki land, this entity was first ruled by Pierre Dugua. Later, it supplied most of Champlain's followers. A major event in this region's history occurred shortly after the fall of Fort Beausejour and is colloquially known as the Great Upheaval. At its greatest extent, it reached as far south as Philadelphia. About 40 years after its conquest in Queen Anne's war, about 10,000 residents were expelled, as memorialized in Evangeline, and mostly transplanted to Louisiana. FTP, name this French colony of northeastern America named for a Greek land of plenty. Answer: Acadia [or l'Acadie] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #24 Social Studies -- Geography This island group is home to the Double Coconut or Coco de Mer, a large palm tree sometimes known as its namesake nut. Its longtime socialist president known as "Ti France," Albert René, was born in its Farquhar Group; another group under its sovereignty are the Admiral's Islands or the Amirante Islands. Other important islands in this archipelago include Coetivy in the south, Aldabra, and the central group featuring Silhouette, La Digue, Praslin, and the largest of them, Mahé Island. FTP, name this island group east of Kenya and northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, with its biggest city at Victoria. Answer: Seychelles 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #8 Social Studies -- Geography This region contains a crater lake called Bikrat Ram fed by an underground spring as well as the village of Majdal Shams. Its central section is home to the Valley of Tears and extends from the Jilabun valley to the Daliyot while its southern section reaches to the Yarmouk River. It contains the ruins of Gamla and its de facto capital is the planned town of Katzrin. It is bounded on the east by the Hauron plain and on the north by Mount Hermon. FTP, name this rocky plateau to the east of the Sea of Galilee, a region constantly disputed between Syria and Israel. Answer: Golan Heights 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Trygve Meade - #1 Social Studies -- Geography In the far north of this country is Lake Scutari, home to its city of Shkoder. Other cities include the port Vlore and Elbasan in the interior, which is linked by rail to its second most populous city, the port town Durres. Its southern boundary is formed by the Pindus Mountains and its longest river is the Drin, which empties in the north. The Shkumbin River separates the two major dialects of its ethnic people, called the "Sons of the Eagle" or Shqipetars - those dialects are the Ghegs of the north and the Tosks of the south. FTP, name this country on the Strait of Otranto across from Italy, which is west of Macedonia and has a capital at Tirana. Answer: Albania 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #19 Social Studies -- Geography This city is home to the Pedra Branca State Park and the Tijuca Forest; it is served by Santos Dumont Airport and the more international Galeao Airport on Governador Island. Its neighborhoods include Leblon and Gavea and the suburbs of Neves and Niteroi. Its sights include the modernist Petrobras Building and Corcovado Mountain which contains a massive statue of Christ the Redeemer, as well as a peninsula overlooking Guanabara Bay which has been dubbed Sugar Loaf Mountain. Also home to Ipanema and Copacabana, FTP, name this second largest city in Brazil after Sao Paulo. Answer: Rio de Janeiro 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick - #2 Social Studies -- Geography This island's two main rivers are the Tym and the Poranay, which flows into the Gulf of Patience, while its south features the Gulf of Aniva. It is traversed by two parallel ranges with peaks at Mount Lopatin and Mount Ichara. It's separated from the island to its south by the La Perouse Strait, named for a French Explorer, and from the large mainland to its west by the Mamiya Strait, also known as the Tatar Strait. Its southern half was once known as Karafuto and inhabited by Ainu peoples, but today this island in the Sea of Okhotsk is part of its namesake oblast. FTP, name this large Russian island north of Hokkaido. Answer: Sakhalin 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #16 Social Studies -- Geography This island's highest point is in the Bonshaw Hills and its most prominent inlet is Hillsborough Bay, at the terminus of a river which nearly bisects it. Known as the "Million-Acre Farm," its towns include Stratford and Cornwall. It's sometimes called the "Garden of the Gulf," which also names a hotel in its second largest city Summerside. It is separated from the mainland to the south by the Northumberland Strait. Home to the house of Lucy Maud Montgomery, FTP, name this island to the west of Cape Breton Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence with its capital at Charlottetown, which is the smallest province in Canada. Answer: Prince Edward Island 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #21 Social Studies -- Geography This state is home to Don Knacht's backyard island castle in its fine town of Junction City, while its namesake "Cosmosphere" and underground salt museum are both found in this state's city of Hutchinson. This state's largest city is home to an independent minor league baseball team called the Wingnuts, and Forts Larned and Scott are located in this state. Its largest city's suburbs include Derby, El Dorado, and Maize, and that city includes the Quaker-aligned Friends University. The Missouri River forms a few miles of this state's border with Missouri, and some of its cities include Lawrence and Lecompton. For 10 points, name this state, home of Wichita and Topeka. Answer: Kansas 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Brown - #7 Social Studies -- Geography This city's shopping district is located south of Folkungagatan and is cleverly called "SoFo," and its Normmalm district houses its Royal Opera House. An obelisk designed by Jan Louis Desprez is found on Slottsbacken street, which also houses the Royal Palace designed by Tessin. Home to the Moderna Museet, it is the namesake of a large archipelago containing Beckholmen and Vaxholm. The Riddarfjarden bay juts into this largest city located near Lake Malaren, which also overlooks the Baltic Sea. Often called "Venice of the North," for 10 points, identify this city home to the annual Nobel Prize banquet and capital of Sweden. Answer: Stockholm 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Langston - #18 Social Studies -- Geography The Kasungu National Park is located on this country's western border, and the Chizumulu and Likoma islands belong to it. This country's major primary language is sometimes called Chewa, while Tumbuka and Yao are each spoken by one million people in this country. The Zomba plateau is located to this country's south, and the Shire River, which empties into the Zambezi, flows north of its economic center of Blantyre. Also consisting of Lake Malombe, a lake named for it borders Mozambique and Tanzania. Previously called Nyasaland, for 10 points, name this country, a southeast African nation that is the ghost-rat capital of the world, with political capital at Lilongwe. Answer: the Republic of Malawi [prompt on Nyasaland until mentioned] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #16 Social Studies -- Geography The "Salt Pan" is a section of the Cienaga de Zapatas Park, which is located in its Matanzas province. The longest river in this country partly forms the border between the Holguin and Granma provinces after originating in the Sierra Maestra, and the chain of islands extending from its Hicasos peninsula to the Nuevitas bay is called the Sabana-Camaguey archipelago. Isla de la Juventud is located south of the Gulf of Batabano off the Caribbean coast of this country, whose cities include Pinar del Rio and Santiago. Located south of the Straits of Florida, for 10 points, identify this country whose easternmost province is Guantanamo and whose capital is Havana. Answer: Republic of Cuba 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A - #16 Social Studies -- Geography The Dolores and Virgin Rivers are tributaries of this larger river, and it flows by the Vermillion Cliffs National Monument. Fort Collins is located to the East of the Poudre Pas Lake, where this river begins. One can go gambling in the casino at Lake Havasu City which lies along this river, while Interstate Highway 10 crosses it near the city of Blythe. The Gila River is a tributary of this river which empties into the Gulf of California, while Lake Powell lies on it due to the creation of the Glen Canyon dam. For 10 points, identify this long river in the American Southwest which shares its name with a state and also passes through the Grand Canyon. Answer: Colorado River 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Eden Prairie High School - #21 Social Studies -- Geography Lesser known cities in this state include Jalandhar, which is notable for producing surgical products. Its largest city, Ludhiana, is notable for having many manufacturing plants, and is thus called "the Manchester" of this state, while other cities in this state include Barnala and Patiala. An open hand serves as the official logo of the capitol city of this state, and Le Corbusier served as the architect of that city, Chandigarh. Bordering the states of Haryana and Rajasthan, much of this state gets water for agriculture from the "five rivers", and its city of Amritsar contains the Golden Temple. For 10 points, identify this Indian state, the birthplace of Sikhism. Answer: Punjab 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A - #15 Social Studies -- Geography Birqat Karun is a lake found in the Al Fayyum region of this country. The Ras Mohammed National park is found at the southern tip of a peninsula belonging to this country, and the disputed Hala'ib triangle lies at the southwest corner of this country. The Kebira Crater is located along the western border of this country which is home to the Gilf-al-Kibr plateau. The Qatarra Depression contains several brackish oases, and manmade features include the Great and Little Bitter Lakes as well as a large dam on the First Cataract at Aswan that holds back Lake Nasser. Containing the cities of Luxor and Alexandria, for 10 points, identify this country with its capital at Cairo. Answer: Egypt [or Al-Masr] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #2 Social Studies -- Geography One attack on this place was thwarted when the Sicilian pirate Margarito of Brinidisi made off with some unattended ships. It would later change hands after the battle of Tremetusia, when Isaac Comnenos took Berengaria captive, leading to an invasion by Richard I. It was briefly held by the Templars before they sold it to the reigning king of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan. Famagusta was the last of its strongholds to fall to the Ottomans, under whose control the native Greek majority were repressed by the Turkish minority. For 10 points, name this island, which was invaded by Turkey in 1974 and remains divided along ethnic lines today. Answer: Cyprus 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #6 Social Studies -- Geography Fort Good Hope lies along this river, which is located west of the Franklin mountains after passing by Wrigley. The Laird River joins it near Fort Simpson, and Richards Island is the largest island located near its delta, which lies to the west of Richardson Mountains and is bounded by Shoalwater Bay. It initially flows to the west, south of Horn Plateau, but turns north, running parallel to its namesake mountains eventually emptying into the Beaufort Sea. It originates at the Great Slave Lake, and is named for a man, who initially called it "Disappointment River" after navigating its course in 1789. For 10 points, name this longest river in Canada. Answer: Mackenzie River 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #5 Social Studies -- Geography The Pigeon and Little Pigeon rivers empty into the river that marks its southern boundary, and Brookville Lake and Hamilton Lake are located along this state's eastern border. The Wyandotte caves are located in the Harrison-Crawford State Forest at its southeast. This state's town of Bedford calls itself the "limestone capital of the world" and one can visit the Dan Quayle Vice-Presidential Museum in the city of Huntington. The Wabash River forms part of its western border with Illinois, and other notable cities include Evansville, Terre Haute, and South Bend. For 10 points, identify this state home to the Hoosier National Forest. Answer: Indiana [accept Ohio River until "southern boundary"] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard C - #20 Social Studies -- Geography The Chele La is this country's highest major mountain pass, and its small southern areas of deciduous lowland contain the Shiwalik Hills and its former capital, Punakha. Its second largest city is Paro, and this country contains Gangkhar Puensum, which at 24,836 feet is the world's largest unclimbed mountain, although the slightly higher Kula Kangri is disputed with China. The states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim all border this country, and its rivers, which include the Drangme Chhu, lie in the Brahmaputra watershed. For 10 points, name this kingdom in the eastern Himalayas with capital at Thimphu. Answer: Kingdom of Bhutan 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois B - #14 Social Studies -- Geography The Kirirom National Park is found in the Elephant Mountains which lie in this country's southwest region. One can visit the Rorka Kondal pagoda in the Kratie province, while the Baset and the Banom temples can be found in the city of Battambang. During the monsoon season, the most notable body of water in this country vastly increases in size due to the change in the flow of its namesake river, the Tonle Sap. Its capital sits at the confluence of the Tonle Sap and Mekong rivers. For 10 points, identify this Southeast Asian nation bordered by Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand, which has its capital at Phnomh Penh. Answer: Kingdom of Cambodia 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri S&T and Dartmouth B - #14 Social Studies -- Geography The Presa de la Boguilla is a lake that lies along the Conchos river which lies entirely in this state. Cities in it include Santa Rosalia de Carmago and Delicias and this state is home to the Cumbres de Majalca National Park and the Copper canyon. This state's capital includes attractions like the Gameros estate and the Church of San Francisco which houses the remains of Miguel Hidalgo. It is bounded by Durango to the South, Coahuila to the East, and Sonora to the East, and it contains Ciudad Juarez. For 10 points, name this largest Mexican state which shares its name with a breed of small dogs. Answer: Chihuahua 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri - #1 Social Studies -- Geography Sivash, a series of bays off the coast of this region, is a producer of brines, and the Tonka of Arabat is a sandspit off this region's coast. Its namesake mountains are home to the highest point here on Mount Roman-Kosh. Cities on its coast include Eupatoria and Theodosia, and it was inhabited by Tatars with their capital at Bakhchisaray, which led to it being a part of the Tatar A.S.S.R. Its current headquarters are at Simferopol, and a city here is Kerch, which gives its name to the straight connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. For 10 points, name this peninsula in the Ukraine that was home to a war that pitted the Russians against the British and French. Answer: Crimean peninsula [or Krymsky Poluostrov; or Crimea] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by MIT A - #9 Social Studies -- Geography The Leaf Hills located in this state's Otter Tail County are home to its highest point, Inspiration Peak. The River named for this state rises from the Big Stone Lake and flows by towns such as St. Peter and New Ulm. International Falls is located near this state's northern border, whose "Northwest Angle" is the only mainland region north of the 49th parallel. This state's Lake Itasca is the source of the Mississippi River, and the St. Louis River flows into Lake Superior near its third largest city, Duluth. Bordered by Iowa to the south and Wisconsin to the east, for 10 points, identify this state with capital at St. Paul and whose largest city is Minneapolis. Answer: Minnesota 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by MIT A - #21 Social Studies -- Geography Early tribes in this region included the Silures and the Ordovices, and it was home to the Kingdom of Powys in the Middle Ages. The Treaty of Montgomery recognized the independence of this place, though it was overturned by the Treaty of Aberconwy, ending rule here by the House of Aberffraw. Offa's Dyke was built to protect against attacks from people here, and it is the location of Pembroke. One leader from here captured his enemy Edmund Mortimer at the battle of Bryn Glas, and allied with Harry Hotspur to revolt against Henry IV. For 10 points, name the country, home to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and Owain Glyndwr, with modern capital at Cardiff. Answer: Wales 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Penn A and Louisiana-Lafayette - #1 Social Studies -- Geography The Choke Mountains are an important bird-watching area in this country, as is Lake Chew Bahir, which is located near its southern border. The Danakil desert is shared by this country and its northern neighbor and is home to the Afar people. Gonder is among its larger cities and is home to castles constructed by Iyasu II, and its city of Adama was once called Nazareth. This country's Lake Tana is the source of the Blue Nile, and it is involved in the dispute over the Ogaden region with its eastern neighbor Somalia. For 10 points, name this nation which neighbors Sudan and has capital Addis Ababa. Answer: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A, Missouri State, and J.S. Reynolds - #17 Social Studies -- Geography One of this nation's cities celebrates the Palo de Mayo festival and another city contains the tamarind tree of the Sutiaba and the cathedral of Benito de Baltondano. In addition to Bluefields and Leon, this country includes the Islas de Maiz to the east, the Tipitapa River which joins its two large lakes, and the Cordillera Isabella to the north. The San Juan River forms a part of the southern border of this nation, whose city of Puerto Cabezas is found in a region named for an insect. For 10 points, name this Central American country, home to the Mosquito coast, that lies between Costa Rica and Honduras with capital at Managua. Answer: Nicaragua 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD and Princeton A - #15 Social Studies -- Geography The Sangu and Feni are two rivers in a system which cuts through some namesake Hill Tracts of one of its cities, and the Mru, Chak, and Marma are indigenous peoples of this country. Seasonal lakes called "beels' form in the city of Sylhet in this nation. Bordered on the east by the states of Tripura and Meghalaya, it contains the seaport of Mongla and cities of Khulna, Rajshahi, and Chittagong. The eastern portions of the Sundarban forests can be found in this country which sees a large delta formed by the confluences of the Meghnad, Padma, and Jamuna river, also called the Ganga-Bramhaputra delta. For 10 points, name this nation with its capital at Dhaka. Answer: People's Republic of Bangladesh 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A and Michigan - #6 Social Studies -- Geography In this modern-day country's north, the Tatra Mountains include its highest point, Gerlachovsky Stit, and include numerous hiking and skiing attractions. The Vah river originates in its Tatras Mountains, and flows West and then South past cities such as Trencin and Zilina. The Spis castle is located in the Kosice region, while Presov is the third largest city in this country, and is home to a salt mine. This country's western border is formed by the Morava River, which also forms part of its southwestern border with Austria. For 10 points, name this country also bordered by Hungary, Ukraine, and Poland with its capital at Bratislava, and was once paired with the Czech Republic. Answer: Slovakia [or Slovak Republic; or Slovenska Republica; do not accept "Czechoslovakia"] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and UCLA A - #19 Social Studies -- Geography To the south of this island lies the u-shaped Aniva Bay, and it is home to the Oroks. Korsakov and Kholmsk are major ports of this island, whose city of Yuzhno is by far its largest. Two parties agreed to share this island in the Treaty of Shimoda, but one country was later ceded its southern half through the Treaty of Portsmouth. This island is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Tartary, and the La Perouse Strait separates it from Hokkaido. This island borders the Sea of Okhotsk, and its namesake oblast includes the Kuril Islands. For 10 points, name this Pacific island home to the Ainu which is now part of Russia. Answer: Sakhalin [or Karafuto; or Saharin; or Kuye; or Saghalien] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Dartmouth A - #19 Social Studies -- Geography Historically, the Lachine Canal in this city's southwest allowed ships to navigate around the canal's namesake rapids though more recently, that district near Atwater Market, has become gentrified. Just north of downtown, a giant illuminated cross rests atop a mountain that is part of the Monteregian Hills. Nuns' Island and Ile Bizard are some of the islands in the Hochelaga archipelago of which this city's namesake island is the largest. A world exposition in this city gave it a geodesic dome named the Biosphere while an Olympics nine years later gave it a stadium nicknamed the Big O. Lying at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, for 10 points, name this city, the home of McGill University and the largest city in Quebec. Answer: Montreal 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Chattahoochee - #1 Social Studies -- Geography This region occupies the Armorican Peninsula, and its Pink Granite Coast is one of only three such areas in the world. The first duke of this region, Nominoe, is seen as the father of it, and it contains many megaliths at Carnac. This region's port of Saint-Malo served as the main harbor of Jacques Cartier, and its island of Ushant is the westernmost point in its nation. The Loire River empties into the ocean in this region, whose cities include Rennes, Brest and Nantes. Lying between the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel, for 10 points, name this northwestern region of France. Answer: Brittany [or Breizh; or Bretagne] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by CMU and LASA A - #17 Social Studies -- Geography Alain Le Brun has led excavations in this region at places like Kastros and Choirokoitia, and although it is not Jerusalem, one site here features a necropolis known as the Tombs of the Kings. Home to the pilgrimage site of the Hala Sultan Tekke, this region reaches its furthest eastern extent at Cape Andreas and is indented by Morphou Bay. This island's north is marked by the Kyrenia Mountains, while renowned painted churches can be found in its southerly Troodos Mountains. Important cities here include Famagusta and Limassol, and it was home to a cult center of Aphrodite at Paphos. Divided between north and south by the Green Line, for 10 points, name this island with capital Nicosia, marked by ethnic strife between Greek and Turkish inhabitants. Answer: Cyprus 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Duke A and Harvard Zhao - #5 Social Studies -- Geography The Dangrek or “Carrying-Pole Mountains” run along the northwest border of this country, whose southwestern region contains the Elephant Mountains, a subrange of the Cardamom Mountains. This country's only deepwater port was founded in 1964 and named after the then-king, who abdicated in 2004. That city, Sihanoukville, has seen a surge in tourism, but the most popular destinations remain Siem Reap, at the northern end of the Tonle Sap, and its largest city, at the confluence of the Tonle Sap River and the Mekong. The aforementioned Siem Reap serves as a gateway to this country's temples of Angkor. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country where the Khmer Rouge ordered forced evacuations of the capital, Phnom Penh. Answer: Cambodia 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Dunbar HS and Minnesota - #12 Social Studies -- Geography This country's rock fortress of Sigiriya was built by Kassapa I and five caves are contained within its Golden Temple of Dambulla. Vijayabahu first declared his capital as this country's city of Polonnaruwa, and the Ruwanweli Saya Stupa is contained in this country's city of Anuradhapura. A chain of shoals known as Adam's Bridge lies to the northwest of this country and separates the Gulf of Mannar from the Palk Strait. This country's city of Trincomalee was home to its largest Dutch fort, and the Temple of the Tooth lies in its city of Kandy. For 10 points, name this Asian island country off the coast of India, whose capital is Kotte and largest city is Colombo. Answer: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka [or Sri Lanka Prajathanthrika Samajavadi Janarajaya; or Ceylon] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Furman, Claremont A, Illinois A, and ULL A - #5 Social Studies -- Geography The Rabaul Caldera is located in New Britain in this country, which also contains Manus and the Admiralty Islands. Part of this country's western border is made up of the Fly River, which connects via the Strickland River to this nation's largest lake, Lake Murray. Its official languages include Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu. This country is separated from its former owner by the Torres Strait, and during the 1990s a civil war occurred that made it grant autonomy to Bougainville. Formerly ruled by Australia, for 10 points, name this Pacific nation with capital at Port Moresby which shares the second largest island in the world with Indonesia. Answer: Independent State of Papua New Guinea 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A and CWRU - #11 Social Studies -- Geography The Table Rock Lake near Branson, Missouri was formed by damming a river with this name, and another river of this name flows through Indianapolis and is the main tributary of the Wabash River. Its also the name of a mountain range whose namesake member is the third highest peak in California, and another mountain range by this name features Cannon Mountain and the Presidential Range. The cities of Courmayeur and Chamonix are found near the base of a European peak with this name, and the sea by this name is bordered by the Kanin and Kola Peninsulas and includes the port town of Arkhangelsk. For 10 points, identify this color denoting the highest Alpine peak and an arctic Russian sea. Answer: White [accept Blanc or Bianco after mentioning Courmayeur] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #2 Social Studies -- Geography A custom called penkkarit evolved because of the location of this city's university, and this city's Winter Gardens are at the north end of Töölönlahti. This city also includes eight islands, among them Kustaanmiekka, Lonna, and Pikku Mustasaari, on which is an eighteenth-century naval fortress that used to be called Viapori. The Tallberg Building and the Ritarihuone are located on a street named for Alexander I, and this city's longest street runs past the Eduskuntatalo and is named after its country's sixth president, Carl Mannerheim. The National Theatre in this city is directly behind a statue of Aleksis Kivi, and adjacent to a railway station designed by Eliel Saarinen. For 10 points, name this capital of Finland. Answer: Helsinki [also accept Helsingfors] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Rice and Michigan - #8 Social Studies -- Geography When two of these are near each other, the Fujiwhara effect occurs, resulting in their centers orbiting around a point in between the two systems. Their formation is aided by upper-level speed divergence in the vicinity of the jet stream coupled with weak surface convergence. They must form in high humidity regions at least 5 degrees from the equator because the Coriolis effect is crucial to their initial rotation. These systems are classified by winds reaching a 12 on the Beaufort scale. For 10 points name these tropical storm systems that contain areas of low pressure and warm circulation, an example of which sees a calm at its center or “eye.” Answer: tropical cyclone [or hurricane; cylonic vortex; typhoon; tropical storm until mentioned; tropical depression; prompt on partial answers of any of these; do not accept “low pressure center” or “tropical wave”] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #10 Social Studies -- Geography This country's south-central lowland is home to such rivers as the Inhul and the Southern Bug, and that lowland is flanked by the Volhynian-Podolian uplands on the west and the Donets range on the east. With its northern neighbor, this country shares the Pripet marshes, thought by some to be the original homeland of the Slavs. The Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to a larger sea, separates this country's large southern peninsula from Russia. That peninsula, the Crimea, contains Yalta, the site of a prominent meeting during World War Two, and Sevastopol, a Black Sea resort. For 10 points, name this large former Soviet republic in Eastern Europe, a country whose notable cities include Kharkov, Odessa, and its capital, Kiev. Answer: Ukraine [or Ukrayina] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by St Anselm’s HS and Truman State A - #14 Social Studies -- Geography In this present-day country, the Funj people formed the Sennar Sultanate, and this nation is associated with legendary headless creatures known as Blemmyes. The ancient cities of Meroe and Napata lie in this present-day country and both served as capitals of the Kingdom of Kush, when this region was known as Nubia. Along this country's northern border the construction of the Aswan High Dam resulted in the creation of Lake Nasser, and its capital is located at the confluence of the Blue and White branches of the Nile. For 10 points, name this African country south of Egypt which contains Darfur, and has its capital at Khartoum. Answer: Republic of the Sudan 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Washington A and South Carolina - #3 Social Studies -- Geography The flat roofs prevalent in this town owe mainly to the influence of architect Louis-Michel Thibault. One of the traditional boundary markers of this city was formerly called Lion's Rump, and it is bounded to the south by Devil's Peak.. Sailors who confused this city's chief bay with another led to that smaller bay being named False Bay, and one of its main thoroughfares is Adderley Street, renamed from Heerengracht in 1850. Sections of this city that houses the City Bowl include those along Table Mountain, and Guguletu and Nyanga West were its two main black ghettos. Containing the Castle of Good Hope, for 10 points, name this legislative capital of South Africa. Answer: Cape Town 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA B - #21 Social Studies -- Geography The Kirk Range and Viphya Mountains rise on the shores of this body of water, and Cape Maclear is a promontory of its southern section. The Monkey and Nkhata bays lie on this body of water, whose distributary flows through the Majete Game Reserve, and creates Lake Malombe. The Ruhuhu River is the main tributary of this lake, and the Likoma and Chizumulu islands lie in it. It is drained by the Shire River, which eventually flows into the Zambezi. For 10 points, name this lake of the Great Rift Valley which is bordered by Tanzania, Mozambique and its namesake nation, which has its capital at Lilongwe. Answer: Lake Malawi [accept Lake Nyasa until read] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt, Brown A, and Iowa - #8 Social Studies -- Geography This nation's western coast is home to the Arakan Mountains, which extend northward into its state of Chin. This nation's southernmost reaches are the site of the Mergui archipelago, and its eastern region is dominated by the Shan Plateau. This nation is the home to most of the Mon people, whose historical capital of Thaton lies near the mouth of the Salween River. This nation's other major river joins the Chindwin near the city of Mandalay and eventually forms a massive delta at the Andaman Sea. The Irrawaddy River is found in, for 10 points, what Southeast Asian nation, whose capital was officially moved to Naypyidaw from Yangon in 2005. Answer: Burma [or Myanmar] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt, Brown A, and Iowa - #15 Social Studies -- Geography This nation was ruled from 1894 to 1909 by the dictator José Santos Zelaya, and its president Adolfo Diaz signed a 1914 treaty with the United States. More recent leaders of this nation have included Enrique Bolaños and Arnoldo Alemán, the latter of whom defeated the National Opposition Union of Violeta Chamorro in 1996. This country was a Cold War ally of the US during the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza, who had overseen the assassination of populist leader Augusto César Sandino, but became a bastion of socialism after its rightist Contras were defeated by the Sandinistas of Daniel Ortega. For 10 points, name this Central American nation with capital at Managua. Answer: Nicaragua 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Northwestern A - #16 Social Studies -- Geography The Western and Eastern branches of this are separated by the San and OsÅ‚awa rivers while the Eastern and Southern branches meet at the Predeal Pass. Part of its western and northeastern Outer range is also known locally as the Beskids. Its Tatra range includes Gerlach Peak, the highest point in Slovakia. Separated from the Silesian and Moravian ranges by the March and Oder rivers respectively, this group only meets the Alps across the Danube at Bratislava. For 10 points, name this group of mountain chains whose namesake environmental convention was signed by Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Romania. Answer: Carpathian Mountains [or Carpathians; or Karpaty; or CarpaÅ£i] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Bellarmine and UCLA - #16 Social Studies -- Geography This city's Castril Palace is located in its Ajsaris district, and its gitano district houses the Sacromonte Abbey in which Saint Caecilius was martyred. The Court of the Water Channel sits in its Generalife Palace, and this city is located on the confluence of the Beiro, Genil, and Darro Rivers. This provincial capital sits near the Sierra Nevada range and houses the palace of Charles V. This city's most famous feature sits in the Assabica valley and contains the Gate of Pomegranates and the Court of the Lions, both examples of Andalusia's Moorish influence. For 10 points, name this Spanish city, home to the Alhambra. Answer: Granada 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Bellarmine and UCLA - #20 Social Studies -- Geography The first king of this nation got the steel to make a royal crown through his victory at the Battle of Plevna. The far-right Legion of the Archangel Michael spawned the fascist Iron Guard in this country. One dictator in this country lost support for his rule after he ordered protestors supporting Laszlo Tokes in Timisoara to be fired upon. That ruler of this country succeeded Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and was killed while trying to flee this country with his wife Elena on Christmas Day. For 10 points, name this eastern European country that was ruled by a Communist regime until a 1989 revolution against Nicolae Ceausescu's rule in Bucharest. Answer: Romania 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Chipola - #4 Social Studies -- Geography This nation's southernmost city is the port of Leticia, and its city of Buenaventura is often called the world's wettest city. This country occupies the northern portion of the Guajira Peninsula. The Cauca department is home to its third-largest city Cali. This nation's Magdalena River empties into the ocean at the city of Barranquilla, and this nation is known for its emerald production. Its border with a northern neighbor is formed by the Darien Gap, and this country is home to the cities of Medellin and Cartagena. For 10 points, name this South American nation troubled by a guerilla group called FARC, which has its capital at Bogota. Answer: Colombia 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Claremont and Michigan - #15 Social Studies -- Geography The Barrage Cavagnac is located on this landform and forms the artificial Lake Takerkoust, and this range contains "high" and "middle" subranges and covers Ouarzazate province. The peak Chelia can be found in the Aures Mountains, a subrange of this feature. The Tell Mountains and a region called the Rif are lesser parts of this larger mountain range. Cities in this feature include Tin Mal, and this range contains the peak Jebel Toubkal. It is home to Berbers and is often seen as an extension of the Alps. For 10 points, name this chief mountain range of Northern Africa, named for a mythological titan. Answer: Atlas Mountains 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Dorman and Arizona State F - #6 Social Studies -- Geography This body of water can be accessed through the city of Ulan-Ude, and the Barguzin Mountains and the Primorskiy Mountains surround this body of water. This body of water is home to many Buryat tribes, and its largest island is Olkhan. The Turka, Sarma, and Selenga Rivers drain into this body of water, and it is located in the Yenisei River basin via its outflow in the Angara River. Holding one fifth of the world's fresh water, it is the world's second most voluminous lake to the Caspian Sea. For the 10 points, the city of Irkutsk lies near what Russian lake, the oldest and deepest in the world? Answer: Lake Baikal [accept Ozero Baykal] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Lisle and Maryland B - #1 Social Studies -- Geography El Bagá Nature Park is a part of this nation's Jardines del Rey, which is an archipelago that is part of the Sabana-Camageuy. The Marea del Portillo is part of this country's Turquino National Park, which contains Pica Turquino, this nation's highest point. The Canarreos Archipelago contains the Isla de la Juventud, which is the second largest island in this nation and which is located south of its capital city. Its longest river, the Cuato, flows through the province of Santiago before emptying into the Caribbean. It is located approximately 90 miles south of Florida. For 10 points, name this largest Caribbean island nation home to Guantanamo Bay with capital at Havana. Answer: Republic of Cuba 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #20 Social Studies -- Geography One national park in this nation is an oasis called the Ein Gedi, and one of the highest peaks in this country is Mount Meron. An erosion-produced crater in this nation is Makhtesh Ramon, which sits in this country's Negev desert, located north of its resort town of Eilat. The largest city in the north of this country is situated near Mount Carmel and is called Haifa, and this nation's west contains the lowest dry-land point in the world. It lays claim to the Golan Heights and is bounded on the right by the Jordan River. For 10 points, name this nation that boasts the Dead Sea and has its capital at Jerusalem. Answer: Israel 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Northwestern and Cornell - #8 Social Studies -- Geography This body of water traditionally marks the southern boundary of the Palouse region, and the end of this river's course includes Lake Wallula, created by the McNary Dam in Umatilla County. After flowing southwest of Rexburgh, this river is fed by the Henrys Fork River, and eventually runs through the ski town of Jackson Hole. This river receives the Salmon River and flows over both Shoshone Falls and Twin Falls. This river creates the deep gorge called Hell's Canyon and forms part of the Idaho-Oregon border. For 10 points, name this river of the Northwestern United States with a serpentine name. Answer: Snake River 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Ohio State - #8 Social Studies -- Geography The northeastern portion of this nation is a region called Isan, which takes its name from the capital of the Chenla Kingdom and includes the Khorat Plateau. This country's north contains the provinces of Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai, and the resort island of Phuket is located in this nation's south. This country's capital contains waterways called "Khlongs" formed by the Chao Phraya River, and it sits on a namesake gulf jutting out from the South China Sea. For 10 points, identify this nation formerly known as Siam which borders Burma and Laos and has capital at Bangkok. Answer: Thailand 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Oxford - #3 Social Studies -- Geography One approach to this discipline involves a series of meetings called charrettes and is practiced by Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. One book about this topic begins by defining safety, contact, and assimilating children as the uses of a certain space. That work, which advocates aiming for mixed primary uses, is by Jane Jacobs. Tools used in this discipline include zoning codes, fixed-income housing projects and culture centers, and Houston is often said to lack this entirely. For 10 points, name this discipline which involves deciding how streets and buildings will be laid out in a community. Answer: urban planning [or city planning and equivalents] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Oxford - #13 Social Studies -- Geography The city of Zahedan in this country is a common destination for refugees, making it one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The imprisonment for religious reasons of two women in this country's second most populous city, Mashhad, sparked international outrage in October 2010. Its city of Qom is particularly known for its conservatism. A recent electoral controversy centered on this country's city of Tabriz, where the incumbent won a majority of the votes despite that city's Azeri majority. Large cities in the central part of this country include Shiraz and Esfahan. For 10 points, identify this largest predominantly Shi'a country in the world, with capital Tehran. Answer: Iran 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Rancho Bernardo and Delaware - #8 Social Studies -- Geography One feature located on this river contains a naturally formed swimming area called "the devil's pool," and this river is home to Chavuma Falls and is on the Barotse Plain. Lake Cahora Bassa was created by a dam on this river, which receives the Kafue River and the Shire River before emptying into the ocean. This river forms a border in the Caprivi Strip before being flowing through the Kariba Dam, which provides a large amount of hydroelectric power. It empties into the ocean at Mozambique. For 10 points, identify this river which flows over Victoria Falls, the chief river of Southern Africa which forms part of the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Answer: Zambezi River 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by RPI - #16 Social Studies -- Geography Bodies of water off the coast of this region include the Queen Charlotte Sound and the Hecate Straight, and this region is home to the wine producing Okanagan Valley. This territory's economic center is home to Arthur Erickson designed Robson Square. The Fraser River runs entirely through this territory. This territory also controls the northern portion of the San Juan Islands and was the site of the brief Pig War. This territory north of the Juan de Fuca straight is home to the resort town of Whistler and borders Montana, Idaho, and Washington. For 10 points, name this southwestern province of Canada which has capital at Victoria and contains the city of Vancouver. Answer: British Columbia 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD - #13 Social Studies -- Geography This country contains many large basalt fields around Harrat Kishb and a cryptovolcanic remnant at Wahbah Crater. The Tuwaig escarpment is a major water source in this country's central Nejd Plateau. This nation's western border is sometimes referred to as "Winston's Hiccup," and the Asir Mountains in this nation contain its highest point of Jebel Sawdah. This nation's city of Dharan is located near the largest oil field in the world, the Ghawar field, and its city of Jiddah is home to its King Abdullah University. For 10 points, identify this nation with borders on the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, which is home to the cities of Medina, Mecca, and Riyadh. Answer: Saudi Arabia 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UNC and Rutgers-Camden and Wisconsin - #13 Social Studies -- Geography The southeastern border of this body of water is theorized to be a remnant of a crater and is called the Nastapoka Arc. Located west of the Ungava Peninsula, this body of water is home to the Belcher Islands and is known for its low salinity. One city located on this body of water is called the "Polar Bear Capital of the World," and the Arctic Bridge is a proposed sea route linking Russia and that city of Churchill. It contains an offshoot called James Bay and is surrounded by the Canadian Shield. For 10 points, identify this large body of water bordered by Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba which takes its name from the English explorer Henry. Answer: Hudson Bay 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by VCU - #5 Social Studies -- Geography Cities on this island include Balikpapan and Banjarmasin, and this island home to the Muller Mountains is directly south of a group called the Spratley Islands. One part of this island is ruled by the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, and this island is home to Mt. Kinabalu. Two regions on this island are Sabah and Sarawak, and its largest portion is known as Kalimantan. Separated by the Makassar Strait from Sulawesi, it is located north of the Java Sea and follows New Guinea as the largest island in its archipelago. For 10 points, name this island shared between Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Answer: Borneo 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A - #17 Social Studies -- Geography The Busaidi dynasty replaced the Ya'arabi dynasty as the ruling power on this island. The Germans gave up their right to this island in return for sovereignty over Heligoland. Shortly after independence from Britain, John Okello led the revolt that installed Abeid Karume as the leader of this island and its sister island, Pemba. Mafia Island is located near this island, which is noted for its clove production, and in recent years rigged elections have led to violence in Stone Town, the center of this island's eponymous capital. For 10 points, identify this island in the Indian Ocean which joined with Tanganyika to form the modern nation of Tanzania. Answer: Zanzibar [also accept Unguja] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Washington - #1 Social Studies -- Geography This city is home to a complex called the Villa Muller. Locations in this city include the old town area of Stare Mesto and the Mala Strana, or the "Lesser Quarter." One landmark in this city contains a statue of St. John of Nepomuk and is called the Charles Bridge. This city is called "the city of a hundred spires," and it is home to the Frank Gehry co-designed Dancing House. This city is home to the gothic St. Vitus Cathedral, and this city is home to a namesake castle that was used by the kings of Bohemia. For 10 points, identify this city located on the Vltava River, the capital of the Czech Republic. Answer: Prague 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Atlantic - #20 Social Studies -- Philosophy Sections of this philosophical work include "Of Heresy," "Of the Priesthood of Christ," "The Immutability of God," and "Of the Substance of the Angels Absolutely Considered." Concluding with a section detailing the role of Jesus and the Sacraments in the soul's salvation, it opens with a discussion of God's existence, including the author's famous "Five Proofs". Left incomplete when its author experienced a great change while saying mass in December 1273, it still provides a thorough survey of Scholastic thought and serves as the basis for the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. FTP, name this massive work by Thomas Aquinas. Answer: Summa Theologica or Summa totius theologiae 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher died while working on his Compendium of Theology, and a legend holds that he possessed a brazen head which would indicate when his projects would succeed by talking to him. He gained the reputation as an erratic genius for his scientific speculations, and he was declared a heretic by the Franciscans in 1278 due to his advocacy that the Roman Catholic church should embrace all the sciences. Famous for his Opus majus, Opus minus, and Opus tertium, FTP, who was this English philosopher known as "Doctor Mirabilis"? Answer: Roger Bacon 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy Lesser known works of this thinker include "Repition", "Dread", and "Crisis and the Crisis in the Life of an Actress", written under such pseudonyms as Inter et Inter and Virgilius Haufnienses. His opposition to Hegel can be seen in the works written as Johannes Climaticus, including "On All Things to be Doubted", "Philosophical Fragments", and "Concluding Unscientific Postscript", while is analysis of the "teleological suspension of the ethical" is found in Fear and Trembling. FTP, name this Danish forerunner of existentialism, the author of "Either/Or". Answer: Soren Kierkegaard 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy Among this philosopher's important early work are the essays "The Uses and Disadvantages of History For Life" and "Schopenhauer as Educator", which he grouped with two other essays under the collective title "Untimely Meditations". He gained notoriety for the section entitled "The Madman" in "The Gay Science", but in 1889 the sight of a horse being flogged led to his mental collapse, ending the writing of his so-called "Nachlass" materials, including "The Case of Wagner", "Twilight of the Idols", and "Ecce Homo". FTP, who was this German philosopher probably best-known for "Thus Spake Zarathustra"? Answer: Friedrich Nietzsche 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy The content of this philosophical work is a story Apollodorus learned from Aristodemus, which begins with a suggestion by Eryximachus that a certain topic should be discussed and ends with a speech by a very drunk Alcibiades. The climax occurs when Socrates tells of what he has learned from the wise woman Diotima, which follows speechs on the nature of love by Phaedrus, Pausanias, Aristophanes, and the party's guest of honor, Agathon. FTP, what is this Platonic dialogue which takes its name from the dinner party where it is set? Answer: The Symposium 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy This work consists of an introduction and five chapters whose titles include "Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification", "Luther's Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation", and "The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism". The author attempts to explain one reason for the modern view that turning a profit is virtuous, claiming that the psychological need for clues concerning whether one was saved ot damned led many Calvinists to seek worldly success, sparking the modern "spirit of capitalism". FTP, what is this major work by Max Weber? Answer: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #7 Social Studies -- Philosophy At the end of this philosophical work, the author discusses the awe induced by "the starry heavens above and the moral law within". In it, the author maintains that to act morally is to act for the sake of duty, and deduces that it is never right to tell a lie, sighting as an example the desire to lie to a murderer who is searching for your friend. Offering a philosophy of ethics based on the free will of man, this work's main feature is a new formula which can be used to judge whether an action is moral. FTP, what is this 1788 work containing the "categorical imperative", the second of three "critiques" by Immanuel Kant? Answer: Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vermunft) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy One of this thinker's main ideas called for the distribution of goods amongst free individuals who cooperated spontaneously outside a framework of state authority, a philosophy he called "mutualism". Considered Marx's main rival in the international socialist movement, he gained notoriety for his violent attacks on French church and state in 1858's La Justice dans la Revolution et dans l'Eglise, while many critics consider his best work to be Systeme des contradictiones economiques. FTP, who was this thinker best-known for denouncing private ownership in his seminal work What is Property? Answer: Pierre Joseph Proudhon 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Cornell - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy In his earliest works he argued for as disassociation between psychology and philosophy in order to fully understand man. More specific doctrinal criticisms grew out of his studies with Heinrich Rickert and are expressed in such works as _Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics _ and _What is Called Thinking? _. His most controversial comments were made with his Freiburg acceptance speech, entitled "The German University's Self-Affirmation" which many saw as an affirmation of Nazism. The developer of "dasein", FTP identify this philosopher who argued that man was thrown into existence and is always struggling for an authentic existence in his 1927 masterpiece _Being and Time _. Answer: Martin Heidegger 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan B - #8 Social Studies -- Philosophy Chapter three, entitled, "Of the Consequence or Train of the Imaginations" asserts that the continuance of motion is responsible for human thinking. The third part claims that the universe is a plenum containing no angels or apparitions, thus undermining orthodox Christianity, and is entitled "Of A Christian Commonwealth." Finally, the fourth part, "Of the Kingdom of Darkness", builds up the authors materialist program. Famous for its description of man in a state of nature, FTP, identify this work describing the "Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth", written by Thomas Hobbes. Answer: Leviathan 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #5 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker's first work was published while a professor at the University of Halle, and was entitled Philosophie der Arithmetik. His most important contribution to philosophy was considered solipsistic by others, so he attempted to show how individual consciousness can be applied to other minds and history in Cartesian Meditations. His most important idea involved "bracketing existence" in contemplating an object, providing a means of describing "things themselves." FTP, identify this German philosopher and author of Ideas: A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. Answer: Edmund Husserl 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher's early death left his works in an incomplete state, with much of his work compiled by his students, including the "Opus Parisiense" and the "Opus Oxoniense". Famous for his defense of Immaculate Conception and his analogy comparing man's free will to a horse capable of throwing off grace, its rider, he gained notoriety for challenging the ideas of Thomas Aquinas. FTP, who was this Scottish Fransciscan thinker known as "Doctor Subtilis", whose followers were often called "dunces"? Answer: John Duns Scotus 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina and Texas A&M - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy Anticipated in the 11th chapter of Augustine's City of God, this philosophical statement served as the basis for its creator's entire philosophy, and created the basis of solipsism. It was first introduced in 1644's Principles of Philosophy, but its French equivalent received more notice in 1637's Discourse on Method. Based on the idea that the ability to doubt one's existence necessarily implies one does exist, FTP name this famous Latin dictum of Rene Descartes, which may be translated as "I think therefore I am." Answer: Cogito Ergo Sum (PROMPT: "Je Pense donc je suis" OR "I think therefore I am") 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina and Texas A&M - #18 Social Studies -- Philosophy While a student of the Ecole Normale in the 1870's this author of "Pedogogical Evolution of France" became acquainted with Jean Juares, the future leader of the French Socialist party. Impressed by Wilhelm Wundt, many of his ideas can be found in "The Rules of Sociological Method" and "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life", while in "The Division of Labor in Society", he expressed his belief in the existence of a social disconnectedness, which he termed anomie. FTP identify this French sociologist best-known for his 1897 study "Suicide." Answer: Emile Durkheim 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina and Texas A&M - #23 Social Studies -- Philosophy Returning from Athens, the protagonist of this work meets Polemarchos on the road and goes back with him to his home. Meeting Polemarchos' father, Cephalus, in the courtyard, the three men and Thrasymachus engage in a conversation during which Thrasymachus attempts to force the central figure to abandon his question-and-answer method. Dicussing the question of justice, the group concludes that justice favors the strong. A work in 10 Books, the tenth rejects poetry while the seventh contains the famous allegory of the cave. FTP identify this Platonic Dialouge in which Socrates describes the idea of the philosopher king and the government of an ideal state. Answer: The Republic 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker is famous for his writings on the concept of the "naturalistic fallacy" within the context of ethical systems. Editor of the periodical Mind, he began teaching in 1911 as a follower of Kant's transcendental epistemology, and went on to expound on the need to carefully clarify and examine the meaning of propositions while championing common sense. The author of Refutation of Idealism and major influence on the Bloomsbury Group, FTP, who was this major British philosopher, the author of Principia Ethica? Answer: George Edward Moore 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley and South Carolina - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy When a Sicilian tyrant tried to force the names of his associates from him, he bit off a piece of his tongue and spat it at his tormentors. The son of Teleutagoras, Plato said he was "tall and fair" and about age 40 at the time of his three-way conversation with Socrates and Parmenides. Using arguments like the "millet seed pile", he argued for belief in the "one" argued for by Parmenides, at the same time using arguments like the moving columns and the arrow to refute his opponents. FTP, name this philosopher known for attacking the concepts of motion and change with his paradoxes. Answer: Zeno of Elea 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy First used in Russian literature to describe Pushkin, Prince Peter Kropotkin later defined this doctrine as a struggle for individual freedom, and its positive aspects are also highlighted in N.G. Chenyshevsky's What is to Be Done?. A crude form of positivism and materialism, it relied on science alone as the source of truth. FTP, name this skeptical philosophy whose name is derived from the Latin for "nothing." Answer: nihilism 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy Modern editions of this philological work include the author's "Attempt at Self-Criticism" before the foreword. Echoing Castiglione with his emphasis on music as the highest aesthetic form, the author discusses Archilochus at length before accusing Socrates of "killing" art. Denouncing Euripides for destroying the wonderfully barbaric nature of Greek drama, the author extols the opera Tristan un Isolde as upholding the ideal Dionysian art over the Apollonian. FTP, name this first philosophical treatise by Nietzsche, which discussed the origins of drama. Answer: The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music or Hellenism and Pessimism or Die Geburt der Tragoedie 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois and Yale - #18 Social Studies -- Philosophy This man did his doctoral work performing studies of attachment behavior in rhesus monkeys with Harry Harlow at the University of Wisconsin, where he married his first cousin Bertha. After receiving his Ph. D. in 1934, he went to Columbia, where he worked with Thorndike on human sexuality. A leading proponent of "third-force psychology", he penned the classic books Motivation and Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being. As department chair at Brandeis, he met Kurt Goldstein, who introduced him to the concept of self-actualization. FTP, name this humanistic psychologist, famous for developing his hierarchy of needs. Answer: Abraham Maslow 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #13 Social Studies -- Philosophy Among the beliefs he set forth were the exercise of deifying virtues, which allow the fulfillment of human true nature, but not unification with God. Fundamental changes in his early philosophy came about through his participation in the Eastern expedition of Gordian III, whom he followed to India. There, he first added eastern metaphysical considerations to the emanation creationist theory of Philo the Stoic, though the body of his beliefs most closely resemble another philosopher. A disciple of Ammonius Saccus, FTP, name this teacher of Porphyry whose Enneads describe his development of Neoplatonism. Answer: Plotinus 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy Like Montaigne, this thinker wrote a collection of brief articles known as "The Essays", although his are also known as "The Counsels, Civil and Moral". Described by Pope in "An Essay on Man" as "the brightest, wisest, (and) meanest of mankind" both for his intellectual gifts and for the disgrace suffered when he accepted a bribe from a litigant as a civil servant, he held that knowledge should be amassed and studied in a systematic fashion, prompting his attempt to create the ambitions "Instauratio Magna", parts of which described his method of induction and his "idols of the mind". FTP, who was this British philosopher, author of "Novum Organum", "The Advancement of Learning", and "The New Atlantis"? Answer: Francis Bacon 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy Early in this work, the author advocates philosophies developed by so-called "free spirits" not caught up in any particular point of view, while later he asserts the existence of an "order of rank", with which the spiritual strength of people can be measured, prompting an 8-page tirade against women. Near the end he attacks nationalism and promotes the "good European" who rises about national sentiment, while the final chapter asks the question "What is noble?,", answering it with the idea of the solitary, suffering soul. A collection of 296 aphorisms, FTP, what is this work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche? Answer: Beyond Good and Evil 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy During the late 20th century, this philosophical position was the subject of several important critiques, including one by Helmut Thielicke subtitled, "Its Origin and Nature, with a Christian Answer", as well as one by Eugene Rose subtitled "The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age". "The Ego and Its Own" established Max Stirner as an early advocate of this position, whose name was used for the first time by Friedrich Jacobi to negatively characterize transcendental idealism. N.A. Dobrolyubov was the model for the famous fictional practitioner created by Turgenev, whose advocated reliance on science and materialism and sought to bring about a revolution that would destroy the institutions of society. Greatly associated with Nietzsche, FTP, what is this philosophical position, the belief in nothing? Answer: nihilism 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy This school of philosophy was carried on by Posidonius and Panaetius during its so-called "middle" period, whose beginning is often identified with the death of the thinker Antipater. Defining the active principle of the universe as a God who can only act upon matter through something they called the "intelligent pneuma", major expositors like Cleanthes, Chrysippus, and Epictetus argued for freedom from passions and desires. Famously practiced by Marcus Aurelius, FTP, what is this school of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium? Answer: Stoicism 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #17 Social Studies -- Philosophy After early studies under Hegius of Deventer, this thinker was saved from a life spent at the monastery of Emmaus when the Bishop of Cambrai chose him as his personal secretary, and he soon published a collection of proverbs known as the "Adagia". Despite his opposition to the leaders of the Reformation, he greatly aided its cause with his "Colloquia" and with his best-known work, a vicious satire attacking the abuses and follishness of the various classes of society, especially the Church. FTP, who was this Dutch humanist, author of "The Praise of Folly"? Answer: Desiderius Erasmus 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #5 Social Studies -- Philosophy Among the first agnostics, this philosopher is said to have drafted the legal code for the colony of Thurii. His work "Refutations" is lost, and his only surviving work is the first sentence of his "On the Gods". Among the first Sophists, he is known to have been the first Greek to teach for a fee. His namesake Platonic dialogue concerns whether virtue can be taught, but he is better known for a statement recorded in Theaetetus. FTP, who was this native of Abdera who declared "Man is the measure of all things"? Answer: Protagoras of Abdera 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #2 Social Studies -- Philosophy His relentless attacks on Christianity can be seen in his essay Of National Characters, which was later added to his two volume Essays, Moral and Political. Criticized for defending Charles I in his 1754 History of England, this philosopher established a system of morality based on utility and human sentiments alone in his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, but is more famous for a work containing the essay Of Miracles. FTP, identify this Scottish empiricist philosopher, the author of Treatise of Human Nature and Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Answer: David Hume 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #5 Social Studies -- Philosophy Works by this philosopher include Reconstruction in Philosophy, Philosophy and Civilization, and The Quest for Certainty. He held that the various modes and forms of human activity are developed by humans to solve individual and social problems, a position he labeled instrumentalism. He is also known for his rejection of traditional teaching methods in favor of learning through experimentation and practice. FTP, who was this American philosopher, the author of The School and Society and Democracy and Education? Answer: John Dewey 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Central Florida - #16 Social Studies -- Philosophy This term had previously occurred only in passing in the work of Goethe, and it is not clear whether its creator conceived of it as a person or an idea. Supposed to arise from those who sacrifice themselves for earthly goals, he is set up in opposition to the "last man," who is solely concerned with his own comfort and is not capable of creating anything beyond himself. Unchained from the slave mentality, he feels that compassion and religion are for the weak, as they keep him from exercising his will to power. FTP, who is this new type of man conceived by Friedrich Nietzsche? Answer: übermensch or superman or overman 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #17 Social Studies -- Philosophy Its preface is entitled "On Scientific Cognition," and other sections are named "Consciousness," "Self-Consciousness," and "Reason," all stages in the development of the title faculty. Ethics and religion are also discussed, but its main topic is the development of consciousness, as handled in sections like "The Truth of Self-Certainty" and "Absolute Freedom and Terror". FTP, what is this 1807 work that greatly influenced Marx, one of the masterpieces of Hegel? Answer: (The) Phenomenology of (the) Spirit or (The) Phenomenology of (the) Mind (Phenomänologie des Geistes) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy During WWI, he published Egotism in German Philosophy, having earlier produced an important critique of literature entitled Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. He stated that to judge anything beautiful is "to establish an ideal" in The Sense of Beauty and attempted to describe the human intellect in The Life of Reason. He later described his theory of immediately apprehended essences in his major works, Scepticism and Animal Faith and Realms of Being. FTP, who was this Spanish-born American philosopher and author of the novel The Last Puritan, known for his quote "those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it?" Answer: George Santayana 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy This author reminisced about his home life in the essay collections Nuptials and The Wrong Side and the Right Side. Early in his career, he organized the avant-garde Théâtre de l'equipe and wrote plays like The Misunderstanding, while later plays include State of Siege and The Just Assassins. He contrasted moral rebellion with political rebellion in his essay The Rebel. FTP, who was this French-Algerian author of the novels The Plague and The Stranger? Answer: Albert Camus 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Emory - #13 Social Studies -- Philosophy For works like 1905's Knowledge and Misunderstanding, this thinker became one of the founders of a realistic philosophy known as Empiriokritizismus. His main works, translated as The Analysis of Sensations and The Science of Mechanics, have led many to call him the father of logical positivism, and he greatly influenced Einstein with his principle stating that a body can have no inertia in a universe devoid of other mass. FTP, who was this Austrian philosopher for whom the ratio of an object's speed to the speed of sound is named? Answer: Ernst Mach 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #13 Social Studies -- Philosophy One part of this book suggests that since Naaman suffered to bow in the house of Rimmon, Christians should outwardly yield to a non-Christian sovereign. The author claims that Romulus was the first saint in a chapter entitled "Of What Is Necessary For a Man's Reception into The Kingdom of Heaven." The claims that our thoughts are deterministically governed by the law of association and that life is merely the motion of limbs are found in its first section "Of Man", while later the author holds that obedience to moral rules is necessary for peaceable living. Subtitled The Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil, FTP, what is this masterpiece of Thomas Hobbes? Answer: Leviathan 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy A key development in this novel is the discovery of plans for a static energy converter among the ruins of a deserted factory. The author's theory that sexual desire is a true expression of one's values is illustrated when Lillian's vapid conversation causes her husband Hank Rearden to lose interest in her. Divided into three parts entitled "Non-Contradiction", "Either-Or", and "A is A", it sees the copper heir Francisco d'Anconia conduct an affair with the railroad magnate Dagny Taggert while both try to explain the mysterious disappearances of people of ability from the world. Opening with the question "Who is John Galt?", FTP, what is this novel which, with The Fountainhead, is the best known novel by Ayn Rand? Answer: Atlas Shrugged 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy Though he persuaded Melancomas to abdicate, he neglected his city's public affairs, and his aristocratic air led the citizens to give him a name meaning "he who rails at the people." He distrusted the senses because they fail to comprehend phenomena as universal harmony, but believed in the soul, which he thought was formed via condensation. After his death, his doctrine of "becoming as actuality" was spread by his chief exponent, Cratylus. Known for his belief that the world was derived from fire, FTP, name this philosopher who summed up his belief in flux by saying "no man can step in the same river twice." Answer: Heraclitus 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy One name by which this philosopher was known was "Oulides", a reference to his devotion to the Apollo Oulia of his hometown. Like most ancient thinkers, he wrote a work entitled On Nature, his being the best preserved of all pre-Socratic works. One part of it, entitled The Way of Truth, sees a goddess explain that there are only two aspects of nature, "being" and "non-being", and since one cannot make something that "is" from something that "is not", change is an illusion. FTP, who was this philosopher whose ideas were further elaborated by his pupil and adopted son, Zeno of Elea? Answer: Parmenides 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #18 Social Studies -- Philosophy The author of this work claims that the monarchy is the type of government best suited to hot climates, but that in general aristocracies are the most stable. The example of the Roman comitia is used when discussing voting, in which the author advocates popular assemblies where each person ideally votes for the general will, resulting in near unanimity in healthy states. Dubbing the collective grouping of all citizens the "sovereign", he claims that it is almost always in conflict with the government, and will ultimately destroy the state. Containing the famous line "man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains", FTP, what is this work stating that legitimate political authority comes only from the title concept, written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau? Answer: The Social Contract (Le Contrat social) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy The author begins his analysis of the title subjects before the eighteenth century, when they were achieved through ceremonial public affairs designed to reestablish the authority and power of the king. The author them claims that the reforms of the eighteenth century were not motivated by concerns about welfare, but rather to optimize the transfer of power to the government through a more theatrical presentation. Bentham's introduction of the Panopticon gave rise to the modern prison system, which the author claims actually produces delinquency as a means of structuring and controlling crime. FTP, what is this philosophical work about the penal system by Michel Foucault? Answer: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (accept Discipline and Punishment) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy The influence of this school of philosophy grew in part from Panaetius of Rhodes' travels with Scipio Aemilianus. It was rigorously systematic, especially in its definitive systematization by Chrysippus of Soli. They believed that "logos" was the universal animating principle and that a "life consistent with Nature" is the goal of life, to be achieved through wisdom and the restraint with which the term is now associated. Founded by Zeno of Citium, FTP, what is this ancient philosophy associated with Seneca and Marcus Aurelius whose name is now used to describe one who is impassive, especially in the face of difficulties? Answer: Stoicism 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Virginia - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy With Merleau-Ponty, this thinker founded the journal Les Temps Modernes, which he edited. Three years after the publication of his main philosophical work, he produced the essay Existentialism is a Humanism, in which he continued his analysis of man's attempts to deal with reality through what he called "bad faith". He held that man is nothing at birth and condemned to be free, and distinguished two types of being, "being-in-itself" and "being-for-itself", in 1943's Being and Nothingness. FTP, who was this French thinker who also expressed his existentialist views in the novel Nausea and the play No Exit? Answer: Jean-Paul Sartre 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley B, Rutgers, and Chris Romero - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy In Chapter 67 of Of Human Bondage, Philip Carey dismisses this concept as "perfect nonsense." One of the major criticisms of it was Benjamin Constant's example of the "Enquiring Murderer." Failing to use it drives us into a state of heteronomy rather than autonomy and it is often defined in terms of treating others as ends in themselves. Originally expressed in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it is usually stated as a dictum to act only according to those maxims which you can simultaneously will to become universal laws. FTP, name this concept central to the moral philosophy of Kant. Answer: categorical imperative 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley C, Florida State B, and Alfred University - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy He developed one of the first versions of compatibilism in his The Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance, and claimed that the cause of all things is the diversity of motion in his first work A Short Tract on First Principles. Doing proofs in Euclid's Elements inspired a trilogy that deduces organization of society from bodily motion and cognition and which includes the works De Cive, De Corpore, and De Homine. He tutored an exiled Prince Charles in France, but he is best known for his ideas that a sovereign entity is created to avoid a life which is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." FTP, name this author of Leviathan. Answer: Thomas Hobbes 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Carleton and Georgia Tech B - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy He advanced a corpuscularian philosophy in a later work, Siris, which also advocated the medicinal use of tar-water. His philosophical defense of Christian doctrine, Alciphron, was written during his time spent in Rhode Island waiting for funding for his proposed St. Paul's college in Bermuda. He developed a theory to combat the possible skeptical and atheistic tendencies of Locke's representative realism, which he summarized as "esse est percipi," or "to be is to be perceived." FTP, name this idealist philosopher and author of Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous. Answer: George Berkeley 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A and Vanderbilt A - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy Its epistemology holds that concepts are formed by measurement-omission. Its metaphysics is based on three axioms: existence exists, one is conscious, and the law of identity, which are discussed in the first chapter of Leonard Peikoff's treatment of the philosophy. Its ethics states that there are three supreme values: reason, purpose, and self-esteem, which are discussed at length in The Virtue of Selfishness. FTP, what is this "philosophy" first promulgated in John Galt's speech in Atlas Shrugged, a philosophy created by Ayn Rand? Answer: objectivism 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy Charles Taylor has written two books about this philosopher, one of which considers him "and modern society," and he was also the subject of Herbert Marcuse's Reason and Revolution. Walter Kaufmann's "reinterpretation" of his work argues that he was strongly influenced by Goethe and Schiller and dismisses the view that he thought that Germany was the culmination of world history, a position others have read into his Philosophy of Right. FTP, name this thinker who wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit, whose notion of the dialectic proved highly influential. Answer: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Kentucky C - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy A "Prophetic" version of this philosophy has been attributed to Cornell West, while Richard Rorty has developed a modified version and wrote a 1982 book about the "Consequences" of it. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote a book applying this philosophical "ism" to the law. Revived in the 1950s by Quine's Two Dogmas of Empiricism, its first major proponent was Charles Sanders Peirce. FTP, identify this theory arguing that practical use is the test of truth and which is associated with John Dewey and William James. Answer: pragmatism 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy In chapter ten the author discusses the writings of Breton, Stendhal, Paul Claudel, and D.H. Lawrence situating them in the context of the myths they present. The first chapter of this work discounts any physiological determinism while the second looks at things from the "Psychoanalytic Point of View." The author's main argument is that the title group must escape a life of immanence and replace it with a life of transcendence. Based largely on Hegelian and Existentialist ideas this is FTP, what classic feminist work by Simone de Beauvoir? Answer: The Second Sex or Le Deuxieme Sex 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #24 Social Studies -- Philosophy She gave her name to a race of nymph-like women with goat legs in Umberto Eco's Baudolino and to the title of a Charles Kingsley novel alternately titled New Foes With an Old Face. Many of her philosophical views can be gleaned from the writings of her pupil Synesius who became bishop of Ptolemais. Her only known work is a commentary on Book III of her father, Theon's, edition of Ptolemy's Almagest although she may have worked on his edition of Euclid's Elements as well. After becoming embroiled in a conflict with Archbishop Cyril she was killed by a mob of monks. FTP identify this Neoplatonist philosopher and mathematician from Alexandria. Answer: Hypatia 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy He accompanied General St. Clair as a judge-advocate on a mission to Vienna and Turin but he would not become famous on the continent till the translation of his Political Discourses into French. Shortly thereafter the first volume of his six-volume History of Great Britain appeared. His first success, Essays Moral and Political, was surpassed by a reworking of a portion of his Treatise of Human Nature. FTP, name this philosopher who wrote Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Answer: David Hume 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by St. Thomas - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosophical concept originally applied to a theory which holds that inflected verbs have the same significance as verbs in the present indicative. In its more famous incarnation it applied to the flatus vocis doctrine of Roscelin. It was moderated by Abelard's Conceptualism although later, it became more extreme under William of Ockham who fiercely opposed the idea of Platonic forms. FTP identify this philosophical doctrine that held abstract concepts to have no reality outside of the mind, and which takes its name from the Latin for "of or pertaining to names." Answer: Nominalism 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Subash Maddipoti - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy The third, fourth, and fifth sections all share the dedication "Delivered before the fellowship of the dead." The first section, "musical interludes," is actually labeled Diapsalmata, the next section on the "Musical-Erotic" examines Don Giovanni, and the entire work is edited by Victor Eremita. The first part concludes with a section told from the viewpoint of Johannes, "The Seducer's Diary." The second part moves on to an examination of the ethical. FTP, name this work whose title refers to the choice between the human esthetic and ethical on one hand and the religious sphere of existence on the other, a work by Soren Kierkegaard. Answer: Either/Or (or Enten/Eller) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M and Florida B - #17 Social Studies -- Philosophy His moral theory posits that all virtuous actions are based on fortitude, or strength of mind, which is further divided into animositas, or rational self-preservation, and generositas, or the rational helping of others. He developed a geometrical method based upon the presentation of Euclid's Elements which he used in the only work he published non-anonymously in his lifetime, Principles of Descartes' Philosophy. His metaphysics revolves around the idea of "God, or Nature" holding that God is the only substance and gaining him the label of Pantheist. FTP, name this Dutch rationalist, excommunicated from the Jewish community, who wrote The Ethics. Answer: Baruch (or Benedict) Spinoza 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA and Florida C - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy The founder of the last version of this classical philosophical school was Aenesidemus. Earlier, beginning with Arcesilaus, it had control of the Academy from the 3rd to the 1st century BC, which we know because of its primary ancient source, Sextus Empiricus. George Santayana paired it with "Animal Faith" in work that took the views of David Hume, this philosophy's greatest modern exponent, a step further. FTP, identify this philosophy founded by Pyrrhon of Elis, which has now come to represent a view that doubts what is generally accepted as true. Answer: skepticism or skeptics 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche in his Twilight of the Idols dedicates a section to "The Problem" of this man. The frustration his contemporaries had with him can be attributed to his method of elenchos in which conversations about definitions of abstract concepts generally end in aporia as well as his use of the eirôneia style, which came to be known as his "irony." He also insisted that a personal daimon was more important than ritualistic piety which provided one of the reasons for which he was accused by Lycon, Anytus and Meletus. For 10 points, name this mouthpiece of the Platonic dialogues who was eventually sentenced to death despite his so-called Apology. Answer: Socrates 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Yaphe - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy It includes a "psychological diversion" which claims to be "delivered before the fellowship of the dead" called "Silhouettes." Another section is "a venture in fragmentary endeavor" called "the tragic in ancient drama reflected in the tragic in modern drama," while a later "venture in a theory of social prudence" deals with "rotation of crops." More famously, this so-called "fragment of life" includes sections called "Diapsalmata" and "The Seducer's Diary." FTP, name this work written by the pseudonymous Victor Eremita, which was actually published in 1843 by Soren Kierkegaard and which deals with two distinct views of life. Answer: Either/Or 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A, NC State, and Florida B - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy In a posthumously published interview entitled "Only a God Can Save Us," this man claimed that the coming of a new god was the only way for man to be saved from the nihilism of modern technological society. His critical analyses of previous philosophers include Plato's Doctrine of Truth and Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. He explored the history of art in Poetry, Language, and Thought and his essay "Letter on Humanism," while his more metaphysical works include What Is Philosophy? and Existence and Being. He is best known, however, for a 1927 work in which he tries to destroy the history of metaphysics through an exploration of a concept he labeled Dasein. FTP, name this author of Being and Time. Answer: Martin Heidegger 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by FSU A, Michigan B, and South Carolina A - #3 Social Studies -- Philosophy In Book Four of this work, the author claims that in times of war, Christians may find their loyalty divided between defending the state and defending their religious convictions. In Book One he claims that slavery goes against human nature and that the divine right of kings is ludicrous, since a monarch cannot protect the interests of the people and his own interests simultaneously. Book Two centers on the concept of the "general will," which states that government is a natural occurrence that must be controlled by the wants and needs of the people. It is here that he establishes the title concept, which defines the relationship between the governors and the governed. FTP name this seminal tract on political theory by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Answer: A Treatise on the Social Contract: Or, The Principles of Political Law (Also accept Du contrat social: Ou, Principes du droit politique 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Grinnell Lyon, Chicago E, UBC A, Florida A, and Penn - #1 Social Studies -- Philosophy The author of this work attacks the abstract language used by the Peripatetic school in chapter 10 of book 3, entitled "On the Abuse of Words." This work identifies man's association of goblins and sprites with darkness as a root cause of the existence of madness in chapter 33 of book two. Also in Book two, called "On Ideas," the author distinguishes between "Primary" and "Secondary" qualities of objects and claims that all knowledge is derived from either sensation or reflection. FTP identify this work in four parts, a lengthy work by John Locke that should not be confused with similarly-titled works by Leibnitz and Hume. Answer: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A, Williams A, Alfred, Southeastern, Carleton B, UTC B - #2 Social Studies -- Philosophy A book on this man "and metaphor" was written by Sarah Kofman, while this man's "life as literature" is the subject of a book by Alexander Nehamas. Gilles Deleuze wrote a book about this man "and philosophy," while important English-language books about him were written by Arthur Danto and R. J. Hollingdale. One of this man's books begins "We remain unknown to ourselves, we seekers after knowledge" and includes an essay asking "What is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals?" and another about guilt, bad conscience, and related manners. This man's early works include essays "On the Use and Disadvantage of History" and on "Schopenhauer as Educator" collected in his Untimely Meditations, while later works include On the Genealogy of Morals. FTP, name this German philosopher of The Birth of Tragedy and Beyond Good and Evil. Answer: Friedrich Nietzsche 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky C and Grinnell Vigeland and Northwestern B and UCLA novice - #20 Social Studies -- Philosophy The principal Italian member of this school was Roderigo Ardigo, while its German members included Friedrich Jodl and Ernst Laas. An early work of its French movement was The New Christianity, while one work by its best-known French member was Philosophy of Mathematics, which argued for a kind of trinity composed of the Great Being, the Great Way, and the Great Fetish. That French member attracted followers such as Emile Littré and George Herbert Lewes, and argued that science aims only at prediction. Those views appeared in a massive six-volume work published between 1830 and 1842 and known as the "course" in a certain kind of philosophy. FTP, name this intellectual movement which was founded by Auguste Comte. Answer: positivism 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Leo Wolpert - #2 Social Studies -- Philosophy At the end of Chapter 27, "Of Crimes, Excuses, and Extenuations," the author compares various crimes against "private men," noting that mutilation of a limb is worse than spoiling a man of his goods. Chapter 16 considers "persons, authors, and things personated," and children, fools, and madmen cannot be authors of their own actions. Chapter 9 offers a table which divides up the "several subjects of knowledge," while other chapters in the first part, "Of Man," deal with sense, imagination, and speech. The fourth and final part considers the "kingdom of darkness," while a commonwealth is the subject of the middle books. FTP, name this book which posits a "war of all against all" in the state of nature, where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," a work written by Thomas Hobbes. Answer: Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #18 Social Studies -- Philosophy A doctor named Eustochius published an edition of this man's works, and his first major pupil was a man named Amelius, who was later supplanted by the man who wrote the first biography of this thinker. He was supported by a rich widow named Gemina, through whom he met such notables as a senator named Sabinillus, the man who probably introduced him to the emperor Gallienus. His work includes discussions of "the impassivity of the unembodied" and "intellectual beauty," which are among the "tractates" collected in a book compiled by his disciple Porphyry. FTP, name this philosopher from the 3rd century AD, a mystic best-known for his Enneads. Answer: Plotinus 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan X - #7 Social Studies -- Philosophy During his lifetime, this man withdrew essays he had written on "impudence and modesty" and "the immortality of the soul," while allowing such essays as "Of the Dignity or Meanness of Human Nature" and "Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations" to remain in print. Better known are such essays as "Of Superstition and Enthusiasm" and "Of the Standard of Taste," which appear in his Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. In his autobiographical "My Own Life" he describes his "retreat in France," which was spent at Reims and La Fleche, where he composed his first major work, a book whose three parts consider the understanding, the passions, and the morals. That book "fell dead-born from the press," according to this man, though he had more success with later works like An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. FTP, name this British thinker who wrote A Treatise of Human Nature. Answer: David Hume 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers and CMU - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy In psychology, a variant called Lloyd Morgan's Canon exists which explains some animal behavior. It has been used by 20th century philosophers to attack mind-body dualism, and has been championed by John Smart. Among its critics are Karl Menger and Walter Chatton, who states that if three pieces of evidence are not enough to justify a proposition, a fourth should be added. Its namesake was known as the "venerable inceptor," and wrote such books as the Quodlibeta Septem and the Summa Logicae. FTP, name this statement which is the basis of methodological reductionism, a concept attributed to a 14th century logician which states that entities should not be multiplied without necessity. Answer: Ockham's Razor or principle of parsimony or principle of economy or principle of simplicity (accept equivalents) 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina A, Yale A, Grinnell Driscoll, Chicago D, and Florida D - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy One thinker of this name was a native of Apollonia who wrote a lost treatise on meteorology, and followed Anaximenes in suggesting that all things are modifications of air. Another ancient writer of this name divided thinkers into three classes, the Sporadics, Italians, and Ionians, and is best-known for a book which was probably written at the beginning of the third century AD and which may have been addressed to a woman who had an interest in Platonism. That man was the author of a collection of Lives of Eminent Philosophers whose surname was Laertius, but he is less known than a man of this name from Sinope who was influenced by Antisthenes. FTP, give this name shared by a Cynic who was known as "Socrates gone mad" and who is said to have carried a lantern in search of an honest man. Answer: Diogenes 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M, Swarthmore, and Illinois B - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy He left the seminary after going to Beijing for the World Student Christian Federation Conference. He was the director of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and combined that experience with his academic work to write The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child. He described "An Unusual Science Course in a University" in his book Freedom to Learn for the 80's, and he later discussed "organismic valuing" in Psychotherapy and Personality Change and On Becoming a Person. FTP, name this describer of "conditional positive self-regard" who seeked to create a "fully functioning" person through "nondirected" and "client-centered" therapy. Answer: Carl Ransom Rogers 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M, Swarthmore, and Illinois B - #20 Social Studies -- Philosophy He analyzed an essay asking if "Technological Civilization" is a "Civilization in Decline" which was written by Jan Patocka in "Secrets of European Responsibility," the first essay in his book The Gift of Death. He wrote about the phrase "I have forgotten my umbrella" as well as such topics as "the gaze of Oedipus" and "veils" in a book entitled Spurs which considers "Nietzsche's styles." He got into a fractious debate with John Searle after publishing his peculiar take on J. L. Austin in the essay "Signature Event Context," which appeared in Margins of Philosophy. More famously, a chapter on "The End of the Book and the Beginning of Writing" appears at the start of a book he wrote in 1967, Of Grammatology. FTP, name this French author of The Postcard, a recently-deceased philosopher who is considered the founder of deconstruction. Answer: Jacques Derrida 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA - #8 Social Studies -- Philosophy The sequel to this book points out the similarity of its author's views to those of Carveth Read and Francis Howe Johnson in its preface, and includes essays on "the existence of Julius Caesar" and "the tigers in India." That sequel concludes with a "dialogue" which discusses such questions as whether there is a truth even in cases in which it shall never be known. That book, The Meaning of Truth, appeared in 1909, two years after this book appeared. This book includes a contrast between "tender" and "tough" types of religion in its last chapter, and features chapters on "the one and the many" and on "the present dilemma in philosophy." FTP, name this work which argues that the true is the "good in the way of belief," a work subtitled "a new name for some old ways of thinking" which shares its name with an American philosophical school and was written by William James. Answer: Pragmatism 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UT-Austin, Chicago B, Yale B, Florida C, and Laurentian - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy Benedetto Croce wrote a book discussing "what is living and what is dead in the philosophy" of this man, while a book on this man and "the rise of social theory" which appeared in 1941 attacked the idea that his philosophy contained the seeds of fascism. In the 1790s this man wrote essays on "The Positivity of the Christian Religion" and "The Spirit of Christianity and Its Fate," which were influenced by his theological studies at Tübingen. The three terms for which he may be best known were in fact invented by Heinrich Chalybäus in 1837, six years after this man died while working as a professor of philosophy at Berlin. He tried to offer an account of any necessary concept in his Science of Logic, while he considered the relation between human thought and the real world in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. FTP, name this German thinker who wrote the Philosophy of Right and The Phenomenology of Spirit. Answer: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt A, Georgia Tech A, and Tulsa - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy According to one legend, he made possible the crossing of the Halys River by King Croesus when he diverted its waters. Another tradition credits him with discovering the seasons and dividing the year into 365 days, while he is also said to have discovered the source of the moon's light. His namesake geometrical theorem says that any angle inscribed in a semi-circle is always a right angle, and it was probably through travels to Egypt and Babylon that he was able to predict a solar eclipse in 585 BC. He argued that everything in the world is animated and that even stones have psyche, or the principle of self-motion. A member of the Seven Sages who is credited with founding the Ionian school, FTP, name this Milesian thinker who believed that the originating principle of the world was water. Answer: Thales of Miletus 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A - #15 Social Studies -- Philosophy This man compared Goethe and James Watt in a chapter entitled "The Individual Versus the Citizen," which can be found in his work Education and the Social Order. He asserted that more than one thing can be known from one experience and that the mind can attain negative knowledge through perception in his An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. He described Vladimir Lenin as having "no love of liberty" after a trip to the USSR, which resulted in Theory and Practice of Bolshevism, and his other works include A History of Western Philosophy and Why I Am Not a Christian. His namesake paradox showed that some axioms used by Gottlob Frege were inconsistent, and stated that "the set of all sets must contain itself." FTP, name this British philosopher who co-authored Principia Mathematica with Alfred Whitehead. Answer: Bertrand Russell 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A, Rochester A, and UGA C - #2 Social Studies -- Philosophy John Mearshimer preaches an "offensive" version, and Reinhold Neibuhr had a Christian variety. Among its followers in American government were Kennan, Kissinger, and Scowcroft. Kenneth Waltz attempted to combine it with structuralist thinking to create a more rigorous program of political research, but its proponents have been reluctant to incorporate game theory into their writings. It insists that states are the only actors who play a significant role in world politics, the international system is anarchical, and that states are unitary rational actors motivated by survival. FTP name this broad, often pessimistic school of international relations theorists such as Hans Morgenthau and E.H. Carr, contrasted in IR theory with liberalism, though the term is usually opposed to idealism in philosophy. Answer: Realism [accept Neorealism or Structural Realism before 'Neibuhr'] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A, Rochester A, and UGA C - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy This man discovered the erotic memoirs of a French hermaphrodite who committed suicide named Herculine Barbin. One of his works discusses discursive formations, and another explores the writings of Raymond Roussel. The argument of his doctoral thesis was undermined by research showing that confinement of the insane spiked only in the 19th century, and that work criticized the country retreat of Samuel Tuke as brutal. The Panopticon was the focus of his most famous work, which was written after The Order of Things and Birth of the Clinic. FTP, name this French philosopher, the author of Madness and Civilization and Discipline and Punish. Answer: Michel Foucault 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Drake A, MIT B, and Georgia Tech B - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy At the age of twenty-three, he wrote a biography in the form of a letter to a physician, explaining why he turned to scholarship. In a biography that came after A Kind of History of My Life, he described the initial success of his Political Discourses. Also in that later biography, My Own Life, this thinker mentions a trip to France, where he wrote a three-part work that did not receive the approval of Joseph Butler. His ideas were criticized in Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, written by Thomas Reid. His most famous work, which attacked the self-love theory, contained sections including "Of the Reason of Animals" and "Of Miracles," and awoke Kant from his "dogmatic slumber." FTP, name this Scottish philosopher and author of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Answer: David Hume 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A and Florida A - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy This religion was attacked in a work that includes chapters such as "Opening Trunks" and "The Old Fisherman." A figure associated with this religion once wrote about "being of two hearts" in a chapter entitled "Dispelling Blindness." Its basic relationships, which includes father and son, friend and friend, and three others, are based on the principle of xiao [shaow], or filial piety. Another of its principles, li, refers to the rules of propriety, and jen is the ideal relationship among human betweens. Xun Zi and Mencius were famous followers of this religious system, founded around the 5th century B.C. FTP, name this ethical, religious, and philosophical system famously discussed in texts such as the I Ching and the Analects. Answer: Confucianism or Kong jiao 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Keller - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy He expressed his scientific instrumentalism with a tract on mechanics in De Motu. He defended Christianity against the anti-Anglican "free-thinkers" in Alciphron, and he later extolled the virtues of tar water before moving on to contemplate God in Siris. In his first major work, he explored ideas such as minimum visibles and tangibles as they related to perception. After A New Essay Towards a Theory of Vision, his next two works laid out his views against abstraction, particularly that of Locke, and against materialism, holding that "to be is to be perceived." Author of Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonus and A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, FTP name this Irish bishop and philosopher whose writings inspired the naming of the hometown of the University of California's flagship campus. Answer: George Berkeley 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Keller - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy In one section of this work, the author discusses the virtues of his poor memory and the difference between an untruth and a lie. That section, "Of Liars," sits near similarly titled sections about Idleness, Slow Speech, and Prognostications. In the final section, "Of Experience," the author rehashes a common theme about living in accordance with nature rather than leading a "thankless and anxious life." Published in three books with 107 total chapters, the longest and most famous section defends the Spanish author of Natural Theology, Raymond Sebond. FTP name this collection that defined a new form of writing, taken from the French word for "attempts," written by Michel de Montaigne. Answer: Essays [or Essais] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky B, South Carolina A, and Dartmouth B - #17 Social Studies -- Philosophy The father of this man is said to have entertained Xerxes, who left a garrison of Magi and Chaldeans in his hometown, from whom he learned cosmology. Diogenes Laertius reported that this man's perception was so keen that he could describe the appearance of a goat based on the milk it produced, and that he once noted the exact night a girl he saw everyday had lost her virginity just by looking at her. However, he might have once blinded himself with burning grass, and suggested that vision could not always be trusted, since what men saw were "eidola" or dreams caused by the image of ejected particles hitting the eyes. His well known moral philosophy states that man should pursue the "enthumie" or "good-naturedness," which led to his nickname, the Laughing Philosopher. FTP name this man famous for his atomic theories. Answer: Democritus 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy According to Johan Galtung, it can occur when there is a harmony of interest between the elites of the center and the periphery. It forms the title of a John Hobson work that attributes it to economic instead of nationalistic factors, while Lenin wrote that it developed from the inevitable rise of international monopolies, making it the "highest stage of capitalism." Marxist theorists often pinpoint it as the major cause of World War I, while its prevalence in the late 19th century caused China to be divided into spheres of influence. Defended by Rudyard Kipling as "The White Man's Burden," FTP name this practice whereby powerful nations exercise political or economic control over weaker ones. Answer: imperialism 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Georgia A - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy It is asserted in this work that the law of God does not permit a better man to be harmed by a worse, and the true champion of justice must shun politics to survive. As proof of his character, the speaker points to distinguished military service at Potidaea and Amphipolis and recalls his refusal to fetch Leon for execution. He begins by claiming that his accusers lied when they implied he was a skillful speaker, unless by skillful they mean truthful, and while interrogating his accuser Meletus he points out that the heretical astronomical beliefs at issue really belong to Anaxagoras. For ten points name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates unsuccessfully defended himself in the court of Athens against charges of atheism and corruption of the youth. Answer: Apology or Apologia 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rochester B, Chicago B, UCLA B, and Yale B - #3 Social Studies -- Philosophy It may be read as an examination of the works of Wolff and Baumgarten, whose texts its author used while teaching at a university. Its section on the "Antithetic" of the title concept discusses conflicts over the notions of causality through freedom and the existence of a necessary being, among other transcendental ideas. The one entitled "Ideals" of the title concept shows that certain types of proofs of the existence of God cannot exist. It was published in two additions, the first preferred by idealists, the second by realists, and its author set out in what he called a "Copernican revolution" in philosophy. It asks the question, "How are a priori synthetic judgments possible?" FTP, identify this most famous work of Immanuel Kant. Answer: Critique of Pure Reason or Kritik der reinen Vernunft 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick A - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy He uses the example of Cato the Younger in illustrating the concept of a man fighting on his knees in the face of adversity in his De Providentia. Asthma and the treatment of one's own slaves are among the subjects of his letters dealing with morality that were written to Lucilius, while he argues that any length of life is sufficient to be lived, and whatever its length that life ought to be spent studying philosophy in De Brevitae Vitae. Also known for a satire detailing the shortcomings of the emperor Claudius, the Apocolocyntosis, FTP, name this Roman philosopher, who was also noted for being instructed by Nero to commit suicide. Answer: Lucius Aennaeus Seneca 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Mike Sorice - #13 Social Studies -- Philosophy This work's second part delineates seven cardinal virtues, then addresses "Acts Which Pertain Especially to Certain Men," namely theologians and prophets. In each of this book's thirty-four sections, it follows a standard format of posing a number of questions, raising a series of objections to the orthodox answer to each, then addressing these objections with a paragraph beginning "I say..." This theological text was completed with the addition of a Supplementum tertia partis by Peter of Auvergne or Henry of Gorkum after its author experienced an ecstasy while saying mass in 1273. FTP, name this Aristotelian Christian work of Scholastic thought; the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas. Answer: Summa theologiae [or Summa Theologica] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner and Brown - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy In 2001, G.A. Cohen published a book-length defense of one of this man's interpretive theories, which was previously denounced as a "farrago" in The Illusion of the Epoch by H.B. Acton and attacked as immoral in Karl Popper's The Poverty of Historicism. That theory is found in his preface to A Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy. An analysis of contemporary politics is found in his The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, while his predictions for the future are found in the Critique of the Gotha Programme. He responded to Bruno Baeur's case for atheism by making a vague distinction between "political" freedom and "human" freedom in On The Jewish Question. He says that the need for "communal essence" pairs with alienation to create religion in Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, which also comments that "religion is the opiate of the people." FTP, name this guy who had a theory of historical materialism and collaborated with Friedrich Engels on Capital. Answer: Karl Marx 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A and Chicago C - #8 Social Studies -- Philosophy Under the pseudonym Gamliel Smith, he challenged Paul's claim to set himself up as a spokesman for Christianity, and his interest in education reform can be seen in his design of Chrestomathic Day School. His first work, which disagreed with the idea of judge-made law, criticized William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. During a visit to Russia, he wrote a letter to Adam Smith suggesting that there should be no hindrance to lending money at interest, which is included in his work, Defense of Usury. The influence of Helvétius can be seen in his work Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, which argued that legislation should result in the greatest happiness for the greatest number. FTP, name this British political philosopher, the founder of utilitarianism. Answer: Jeremy Bentham 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #8 Social Studies -- Philosophy Prior to its translation by William of Moerbeke, it was unavailable to medieval Europe, except through the excerpts quoted in Macrobius's commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis. One section denounces excessive Laconian philotimia, while Book III cites the need for a "noble lie" as the basis for the title concept. Discussion of a line divided into four parts and of the sun are metaphors for its author's idea of the levels of existence and of the absolute good respectively, but, the most famous excerpt features shackled prisoners watching shadows to illustrate the "theory of forms" in the "allegory of the cave". FTP, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates claims that a philosopher should rule the titular entity. Answer: The Republic [or Politeia] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Boston University and Georgia B - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy H. L. Mansel's The Philosophy of the Conditioned responded to this man's critique of the philosophy of Mansel's mentor; that critique introduced the idea that external objects are just "Permanent Possibilities of Sensation" and was entitled Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy. The sixth and final chapter of another work argues that we should approach the "moral sciences" as we do the physical. That work, an examination of induction entitled A System of Logic, is not as famous as an essay that asserts that the only legitimate reason to exercise power over someone is to "prevent harm to others." FTP, identify this philosopher, author of "On Liberty" and Utilitarianism. Answer: John Stuart Mill 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and Vanderbilt A - #13 Social Studies -- Philosophy This work divides nature into the categories of natura naturans and natura naturata, phrases from its author's earlier Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. The preface to its final section discusses Descartes' thoughts on the pineal gland and its fourth section is entitled "Of Human Bondage, or the Power of the Affects." Each section begins with a set of definitions and axioms from which the propositions of that section arise. Using the phrase "God or Nature" to represent its author's pantheistic views, FTP, identify this philosophical work of five parts "presented in geometrical order," dictating right action and written by Baruch Spinoza. Answer: Ethics [or Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Carnegie Mellon - #3 Social Studies -- Philosophy In one work, this thinker distinguishes between the juridical state of nature and the ethical state of nature, claiming that abandoning the latter in favor of an "ethical commonwealth" is necessary for overcoming his notion of "radical evil," and another work defines the title concept as "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity." In addition to Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone and "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?" he wrote Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics two years after his most famous work, which discusses the possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge. FTP, identify this philosopher, author of Critique of Pure Reason. Answer: Immanuel Kant 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Columbia and South Carolina - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy Quinton decried this person's fixation on the static and the "Methods of Experimental Inquiry" of a later countryman criticized his oversimplification of causes. The forth stage in this thinker's namesake scheme is the "ladder of the intellect," exemplified by his conclusion that heat is a motion of particles, arrived at by inductive "tables." This philosopher's Advancement of Learning was adapted as the first part of his Instauratio Magna, and he described the land of Bensalem in his utopian novel The New Atlantis. FTP, name this seventeenth-century English philosopher who advocated the scientific method in Novum Organum. Answer: Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount Saint Alban [accept either] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth B - #22 Social Studies -- Philosophy In this work's epilogue, its author asserts that no generation learns "that which is genuinely human" from previous generations. Its author uses the analogy of a mother weaning her child in the section entitled "Exordium," which provides four alternative scenarios that would render the central figure more understandable. The story of a man in love with a princess illustrates the difference between a "knight of infinite resignation" and a "knight of faith," and the work also features a discussion of the "teleological suspension of the ethical." FTP, identify this work by Soren Kierkegaard concerning the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham. Answer: Fear and Trembling [or Frygt og Baeven] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by ACF Editors and California-Irvine - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy One character in this work expresses concern that the public should think that he values money too highly, to which another figure responds with an analogy concerning a disciple of gymnastics, who should listen to his trainer rather than to the public. The latter figure also claims that the many "can do neither good nor evil." An argument brought up in this work concerns the duty of educating one's children, which the central figure dismisses before personifying the laws of his city and presenting the argument that by choosing to live there, one tacitly agrees to abide by its laws. FTP, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates rejects the title character's plea for him to escape from prison. Answer: Crito 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #22 Social Studies -- Philosophy Late in life, this thinker gave a series of lectures dealing with the ancient concept of parrhesia. Another work contains an examination of what he calls the "analytic of finitude" and discusses how "cogito ergo sum" fails to hold within the modern episteme. That work begins with a discussion of Velázquez's Las Meninas and is entitled The Order of Things. He developed the concept of the "medical gaze" in The Birth of the Clinic, and other works include a planned six-volume work whose first part is The Will to Knowledge, as well as a work discussing Bentham's Panopticon. FTP, identify this French thinker, author of The History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punish. Answer: Michel Foucault 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A, Dartmouth A, and UNC B - #5 Social Studies -- Philosophy One work by this philosopher has a second section dealing with science entitled "Philosophy of Nature" and an opening section often called the "lesser Logic," referring to another work by this philosopher whose three sections are about "being," "essence," and "concept," respectively. Those two works, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences and Science of Logic, are not as famous as Philosophy of Right and a work that posits the attainment of a state of "Absolute Knowledge," Phenomenology of Spirit. FTP, identify this German philosopher best known for his conception of dialectics. Answer: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy He adopted the persona of Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke in the satirical work A Vindication of Natural Society. In another work, he defines one of the title concepts as the quality that causes one to feel a passion like love, and the other as that which "excite[s] the ideas of pain and danger," a distinction further examined in Kant's Critique of Judgment. In addition to A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, he wrote a work that was criticized by Thomas Paine in Rights of Man and that prophesied the chaos that would follow a certain insurrection. FTP, identify this thinker who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France. Answer: Edmund Burke 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #16 Social Studies -- Philosophy He wrote about Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe in his Three Philosophical Poets and his major work in aesthetics asserts that aesthetic value lies in the individual rather than the object. Another work argues that knowledge is a result not of reasoning but rather a belief necessary for action, and he also described the four characteristics of knowledge as matter, essence, spirit, and truth. The author of The Sense of Beauty, Scepticism and Animal Faith, and Realms of Being, FTP, identify this Spanish-American philosopher and author of The Last Puritan who, in his The Life of Reason, wrote, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." Answer: George Santayana 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Trygve Meade - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy His first work was a translation of Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian Wars. A chaplain named Robert Payne is sometimes said to be the true author of what is traditionally thought to be this man's first work of philosophy, A Short Treatise on First Principles. Another of his works is a trilogy consisting of De Corpore, De Homine, and De Cive. In his most famous work, he uses his ideas about imagination, which he calls "decaying sense," to analyze the basis of human motivation. He then considers a situation of war of "all against all" and concludes that life under this state of nature is "nasty, brutish, and short," advocating absolutism instead. FTP, identify this English author of Leviathan. Answer: Thomas Hobbes 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #23 Social Studies -- Philosophy One work by this philosopher, addressed to an anonymous "Honoured Sir," argues that the government should not enforce religious views. Another work argues that Christian doctrine and rational philosophy are compatible. In addition to A Letter Concerning Toleration and The Reasonableness of Christianity, he wrote a refutation of Robert Filmer that is the first of a pair of works defending the ascension of William of Orange, and Book I of another work attacks the idea of innate knowledge, positing the tabula rasa model of the mind. FTP, author of Two Treatises on Government and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, who supported the right to life, liberty, and property. Answer: John Locke 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy He attacked "vicious intellectualism" and praised Bergson and Fechner in a series of lectures collected as A Pluralistic Universe. Another lecture collection, subtitled A Study in Human Nature, often uses the work of Edwin Starbuck to illustrate his points about experiences of being, like "healthy-mindedness," the "sick soul," and the "divided self." These were given during his Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh, Scotland and entitled The Varieties of Religious Experience. For 10 points, name this American philosopher whose lectures were also published with the title Pragmatism, a concept he advanced. Answer: William James 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy A so-called "Victorious Modal Version" of it is put forth after a discussion of the flaws of Norman Malcolm's version in The Nature of Necessity by Alvin Plantinga. A more famous formulation, proposed in a chapter about the "essence of material things," is supported by an analogy with the fact that the angles of triangles always sum to 180 degrees. Kant attacked this idea by arguing that existence is not a predicate, and one of the most famous versions is presented in the fifth of Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy. First expounded in the Proslogion, this is, FTP, what analytic, perfection-based argument for God's existence put forth by St. Anselm? Answer: ontological argument or proof 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy Henri Bergson wrote a dissertation on this man's "Conception of Place," and Porphyry penned the Isogage, a commentary on one of this man's works. Roger Bacon's Opus Major and Opus Minor criticized this man, and he wrote a work that states that young men are not well-suited to listen to discussions of right and wrong. Another of his works defines nature as a principle of change, while another contrasts the theories of Hippodemus and Plato. He also wrote a work that emphasizes plot and claims that recognition is the key to producing catharsis. For 10 points, name this philosopher of the Nichomachean Ethics, Physics, Politics, and Poetics. Answer: Aristotle 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Brown - #10 Social Studies -- Philosophy Nelson Goodman created two portmanteaux words that describe these entities in his article "Fact, Fiction, and Forecast," and George Berkeley argued that these entities are the "proper and immediate objects of sight... are not without the mind" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. John Locke used the example of light falling on porphyry to demonstrate how these entities are secondary qualities in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and a blank in their spectrum was offered by Hume as a counterexample to his "Copy Principle." For 10 points, name these entities, the subject of a theoretical treatise by Goethe, examples of which include red, and blue. Answer: colors [accept blue and green before "Berkeley"] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Langston - #1 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker asked "what is it to dwell?" in "Building, Dwelling, Thinking" and considered the effects of a "destitute time" on the works of Rilke in "What Are Poets For?", both of which appear in his Poetry, Language, Thought. He discussed the path provided by the Greek word philosophia in What is Philosophy? and also wrote about Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, though he is better known for a work which introduced ontological hermeneutics and discussed a concept related to presence in the world, dasein. For 10 points, name this Nazi-loving author of Being and Time. Answer: Martin Heidegger 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy He contrasted the lifestyle of "the fleet nomads of desert lands" with the intellectual ideas of Kotzebue and Schiller in his poem "The Bedouin," and he critiqued Bruno Bauer and the Young Hegelians in a work he co-authored titled The Holy Family. During a trip to Manchester while working for a textile firm he took notes on the working class life that culminated into his first book, The Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1844, and his best known collaboration ends with the section "Private Accumulation" that talks about the "economic original sin" and critiques capitalism. For 10 points, name this philosopher, who edited Das Kapital after Karl Marx's death. Answer: Friedrich Engels 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy The central figure in this work dreams of a woman "clothed in a white raiment" who tells him that he will die in three days. The title character claims that Simmias and Cebes have offered to support his plans, and he argues that it is morally wrong for a man to intentionally orphan his children The central figure maintains that the disapproval of the majority should not be a motivating factor, and offers a hypothetical conversation with the laws of Athens illustrating that he is bound by an "implied contract." For 10 points, identify this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates refuses to escape from prison with the title character. Answer: the Crito 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Eden Prairie High School - #1 Social Studies -- Philosophy Margaret Atherton wrote about "How [this man] Can Maintain that Snow is White," and in one work he argued against belief in fluxions while another discusses a "visual language." In addition to writing The Analyst and Alciphron, he notably argued against abstraction of ideas and presented the likeness principle, while his "master argument" claimed that it is impossible to conceive a non-conceived object. The author of Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, he believed that "to be is to be perceived." For 10 points, name this Irish philosopher, the author of Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonus. Answer: George Berkeley 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A - #1 Social Studies -- Philosophy One part of this work uses the example of ordinary people calling a whale a fish, while scientists defining a whale as a mammal in a discussion of the difference between nominal and real essences. Book Two distinguishes between primary and secondary qualities in objects, and argues that sensations form the foundation for simple ideas, which build into complex ideas of two types: mode and substance. Arguing against the Cartesian belief in innate ideas, this work claims that knowledge derives from experience. Asserting that men are born with minds like a blank slate. For 10 points, identify this work by John Locke. Answer: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #3 Social Studies -- Philosophy This man claimed that if Hamlet were reported in a newspaper, it wouldn't be transcendent, showing that "the expression of the object" of art can transform tragedy into beauty. In one work he offered sprit, truth, essence, and matter as the four categories of reality, and he argued that no real knowledge can be gained in an "instant of awareness" in a work that asserts belief does not derive from reasoning, but is an inevitable idea necessary for a man to act. This thinker wrote A Sense of Beauty and Realms of Being. For 10 points, name this author of Skepticism and Animal Faith, who said, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." Answer: George Santayana 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy Descartes proposed a thought experiment in which all one has of this is due to a demon, and Quine's argument that no statement can be truly analytic allows him to support a doctrine holding that certainty in this is impossible, called fallibilism. The Gettier problem questions the traditional formulation that a statement's truth and its belief implies that it is this, while another philosopher discussed how this can be derived either through statements about "relations of ideas" or through "matters of fact" in Hume's fork. For 10 points, identify this concept defined as the intersection of what is true and believed, the theory of which is called epistemology. Answer: knowledge [prompt on epistemology] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard C - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy In this work, the author suggests moving into a house of morality while rebuilding one's house of ideas and knowledge from its foundation. This work details a four-part plan, including making complete lists, as a means towards understanding, supporting this rationalist approach over empirical observations. It also modifies the position of skepticism to allow for an incontrovertible claim. This work calls physics the "heart" and "soul of man" and argues for mind-body dualism. Written four years before the author's Meditations on First Philosophy, for 10 points, name this 1637 work of René Descartes that contains the quotation, "I think, therefore I am." Answer: Discourse on Method [accept Discourse on the Method] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri - #20 Social Studies -- Philosophy Vaihinger discussed the relation between Swedenborg and this man's concept of two worlds, in a commentary on this man's Dreams of a Spirit Seer. He proposed the creation of a league to mediate international disputes in his essay "Perpetual Peace," and defined ratiocination as the judgment of a predicate with its subject in "The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures." He defined his best-known concept by claiming that nothing can be called good without qualification "except a good will" in his Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. For 10 points, name this author of The Critique of Judgment and Critique of Pure Reason who created the "categorical imperative." Answer: Immanuel Kant 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by MIT A - #19 Social Studies -- Philosophy The beginning of this work discusses a town called The Motley Cow where one character gives a sermon "On the Despisers of the Body" claiming that the enlightened one knows that he is body and nothing more. Socrates is alluded to in the section "On the Flies of the Marketplace" and important themes include those of eternal recurrence and the will to power. Subtitled "A Book for All and None," it begins when a prophet descends from the mountains to preach about the Ubermensch, and it reintroduced its author's earlier statement from The Gay Science, "God is dead." For 10 points, name this philosophical work, named for a dualistic prophet, by Nietzsche. Answer: Thus Spake Zarathustra [or Also sprach Zarathustra; or Thus Spoke Zarathustra] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Penn A and Louisiana-Lafayette - #11 Social Studies -- Philosophy One of his works claims that twelve categories of human understanding posited in the Critique of Judgment are reducible to causality. His last work, a set of "stray yet systematically arranged thoughts on a variety of subjects," includes sections "On Din and Noise" and "Additional Remarks on the Doctrine of the Suffering of the World." This author of Parerga and Paralipomena wrote On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and another work argues that art tries to represent the Platonic ideal of an object and that works expands Kant's "Ding an Sich" to the whole universe. For 10 points, supposed pessimist, the author of The World as Will and Idea. Answer: Arthur Schopenhauer 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A, Missouri State, and J.S. Reynolds - #12 Social Studies -- Philosophy One section of this work argues that conjugal love is appreciated for its continuity and repetition, qualities that separate it from the endless present experienced by people described in the earlier section, "Crop Rotation." It uses Nathan's parable addressed to David to illustrate the necessity of this work's central discourse, and after sections titled "Shadowgraphs" and "The Unhappiest One," this work discusses the wooing and subsequent breaking of the engagement to Cordelia by Johannes Climacus in "The Seducer's Diary." Compiled by Victor Eremita, for 10 points, name this work that distinguishes between the aesthetic and ethical stages of life, by Soren Kierkegaard. Answer: Either/Or [or Enten-Eller] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD and Princeton A - #3 Social Studies -- Philosophy One portion of it alludes to Cicero's mention of a judge, who would routinely ask accusers "cui bono" or who benefits, from an action. In addition to considering the prevalence of ignorance in Of the Kingdom of Darkness, this work discusses a precursor of the ex post facto and states that "No law, made after a Fact done, can make it a Crime." It argues that there is no injustice in a state of war, clarifying that Bellum omnium contra omnes, or the war of all against all, is inevitable unless a strong sovereign is present, while its first section describes life in the state of nature as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". For 10 points, name this best-known work of Thomas Hobbes. Answer: Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A and Michigan - #7 Social Studies -- Philosophy This man inspired Giles Deleuze's formulation of the concept of "the plane of immanence." His early work, On the Improvement of Understanding, influenced a later work that introduced his concepts of mode, attribute, and substance. He asserted that Ezra was the primary author of the Old Testament and miracles could be explained naturally in a work arguing that freedom of ideas encourages a secure state, Theological-Political Treatise. One of his works features the section "Of Human Bondage," uses the phrase "God or Nature" to explain Pantheism, and is written in "geometrical order." For 10 points, name this Rationalist philosopher, who wrote Ethics. Answer: Baruch Spinoza [or Benedict Spinoza; accept Espinosa instead of "Spinoza"] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and UCLA A - #5 Social Studies -- Philosophy At one point in this work, it is suggested that the Lydian and Ionian modes should be done away with for being dirgelike and lax, respectively. This work presents a theory that ascribes three aspects of appetite, spirit and reason to the soul. One character in this work uses the legend of the ring of Gyges to argue that people are only just because they fear punishment, and another character, Thrasymachus, defends the idea that might makes right. Book seven of this work uses the allegory of cave to support the argument that only philosophers are fit to rule society. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue which describes an ideal state. Answer: The Republic [or Politeia] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Dartmouth A - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy This man argued that a just God would not inflict “eternal punishment for temporary offences” in an essay that argued against the immortality of the soul. Pamphilus observes the conversations of Demea, Cleanthes, and Philo in his Dialogues concerning Natural Religion. The is-ought problem is also known as this man's fork. His most famous work contains a section on miracles, and also considers the problem of the missing shade of blue. For 10 points, name this member of the Scottish Enlightenment whose Treatise on Human Nature was reworked into An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Answer: David Hume 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Chattahoochee - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy This work concludes by mentioning a Roman judge who would ask accusers cui bono. Its first section, “Of Man,” gives competition, diffidence and glory as the three causes of conflict, while its middle two sections discuss commonwealths and Christian commonwealths, respectively, and its fourth and final section is concerned with a “confederacy of deceivers” called the kingdom of darkness. This work argues that only a strong sovereign can prevent a war of all against all. For 10 points, name this work which characterizes life as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short,” a book by Thomas Hobbes. Answer:  Leviathan 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by CMU and LASA A - #7 Social Studies -- Philosophy Despite its name, Buridan's ass was first formulated in this man's On the Heavens. His works include a discussion of the essence of living things called On the Soul and a group of six works on logic known as the Organon. He also distinguished material, formal, efficient, and final causes. One of his works introduced ideas such as anagnorisis, hamartia and mimesis. Aside from the Poetics, he wrote a work which introduced the idea of the prime mover. For 10 points, name this founder of the Lyceum, a philosopher who taught Alexander the Great and wrote the Metaphysics. Answer: Aristotle 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Duke A and Harvard Zhao - #8 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher discussed the philosophy of science in Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. He coined the term “logical atomism” in a 1911 paper, and in “The Ethics of War,” he defended wars of principle and wars of colonization. He criticized Alexius Meinong in his essay “On Denoting.” His other works include a History of Western Philosophy and the essay Why I Am Not a Christian. His namesake paradox debunked the naïve set theory of Gottlob Frege. For 10 points, name this philosopher who, with Alfred North Whitehead, wrote Principia Mathematica. Answer: Bertrand Russell 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Dunbar HS and Minnesota - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy In one work, this thinker notes that a “veritable discursive explosion” took off in the seventeenth century, leading him to question the idea that Victorians were “imperial prudes.” In another work, this thinker considered the treatment of Robert-Francois Damiens in discussing an “economy of power.”  He claimed that a “great confinement” marked a shift in the treatment of the insane, and he also theorized that doctors divorce patients' bodies from their humanity using the “medical gaze.” This author of The Birth of the Clinic and Madness and Civilization also piggybacked on Jeremy Bentham's design for a prison in which all inmates can be seen by a single guard. For 10 points, name this philosopher who discussed the panopticon in his Disciple and Punish. Answer: Michel Foucault 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Furman, Claremont A, Illinois A, and ULL A - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy David Kelley is one of the most prominent adherents of this school of philosophy. A work whose title indicates that it is an introduction to the epistemology of this philosophical school includes an essay by Leonard Peikoff on the analytic-synthetic dichotomy. With Nathaniel Branden, this school's founder wrote an essay collection entitled The Virtue of Selfishness. The tenets of this philosophical system, which include the ethical ideal of rational self-interest, are set out in novels such as The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. For 10 points, name this school of philosophy founded by Ayn Rand. Answer: Objectivism 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A and CWRU - #16 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker is the namesake of a paradox that is a logical formation of the problem of evil. His few extant works include a letter explaining his physical theory and addressed to Herodotus. Like Democritus, he was an atomist, though his version included the possibility of swerves in atomic motion to allow for free will. His major ethical teachings included that the soul is not immortal and that the person should strive to attain ataraxia. For 10 points, name this Greek philosopher who taught that the only goal in life should be to maximize one's pleasure. Answer: Epicurus 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by OSU and Carleton A - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher discussed the philosophy of Henri Bergson in The Winds of Doctrine, and held that to judge something as beautiful was to differentiate between fundamental ideals and transitory ones in The Sense of Beauty.  His discussed essence, matter, truth and spirit in The Realms of Being, and he wrote a five-volume work on the “phases of human progress” which notes that “those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” For 10 points, name this Spanish-American naturalist philosopher who wrote The Life of Reason and Skepticism and Animal Faith. Answer: George Santayana [or Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #17 Social Studies -- Philosophy He took issue with word-for-word translations in Contra Errores Graecorum and distinguished between the titular people's knowledge of God and what can be known by taking Christian beliefs into account in Summa Contra Gentiles. This man's most famous work asserts that all knowledge is abstract and that perfect happiness can only come from contemplating God. That work also includes a section in which he uses Aristotle's four causes to advance five arguments for the existence of God, who is called the “first mover” and “first efficient cause.” For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Summa Theologica. Answer: Saint Thomas Aquinas 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Rice and Michigan - #1 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher insisted that enjoyment is subjective in Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. He proposed an early version of democratic peace theory in his essay, “Perpetual Peace.” He described the title concept as “man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity” in “What Is Enlightenment?” He was the first philosopher to delineate the difference between analytic and synthetic propositions, and in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, he introduced the concept of the categorical imperative. For 10 points, name this author of the Critique of Pure Reason. Answer: Immanuel Kant 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher wrote a work addressed to Philipp van Limborch which argued that neither atheists nor the Catholic Church should be tolerated, A Letter Concerning Toleration. His other works include The Reasonableness of Christianity and the anonymously published Two Treatises on Government. In Some Thoughts Concerning Education, he claimed that man is made what he is through education, extending the idea that the mind is a tabula rasa which he introduced in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this Enlightenment philosopher who wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Answer: John Locke 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by St Anselm’s HS and Truman State A - #1 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher advocated the adoption of a federal system in Considerations on the Government of Poland. He contrasted the natural and physical types of the title concept in his Discourse on Inequality. He also wrote an epistolary novel subtitled The New Heloise, and a treatise dealing with the education of the titular boy, Emile. His most famous work discusses a society controlled by the “general will” of its people and asserts that “man is born free, but is everywhere in chains.” For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract. Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Washington A and South Carolina - #9 Social Studies -- Philosophy Daniel Dombrowski's book entitled “Rethinking this” includes a defence of Charles Hartshorne's formulation of it. Another formulation of it by Norman Malcolm was criticized by a man who later presented his own version of it, Alvin Plantinga. The fact that the sum of the angles in a triangle is always one hundred eighty degrees was used in Descartes' version of this argument, and its original formulation was criticized by Kant, who argued that existence is not a predicate. Gaunilo's In Defense of the Fool attacks, for 10 points, what a priori argument for God's existence originally proposed by St. Anselm? Answer: ontological argument or proof 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA B - #20 Social Studies -- Philosophy In one work, this philosopher discusses the meaning of the word “slab” as told by a builder to his assistant.  G.E. Moore provided the material for the “two hands” argument used in this philosopher's On Certainty. He argued that the inability to feel someone else's pain has to do with grammar, not metaphysics, in The Blue and Brown Books. He dismissed the possibility of a private language using his beetle-in-a-box thought experiment in Philosophical Investigations, and wrote a work which concludes that “what we cannot speak of we must pass over in silence.” For 10 points, name this author of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Answer: Ludwig Wittgenstein 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Northwestern A - #3 Social Studies -- Philosophy He studied philosophy under William of Champeaux and theology under Anselm of Laon, though he later came into conflict with both of his teachers. He described his ethical beliefs in Know Yourself, and was condemned for his nominalist doctrines at the Council of Soissons. He wrote an autobiographical work entitled Historia calamitatum. Though his book of biblical contradictions entitled Sic et Non was widely used to teach logic and dialectic, he is most famous for his love affair and ensuing castration. For 10 points, name this early scholastic and lover of Heloise. Answer: Peter Abelard [or Pierre Abélard] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Chipola - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy In one work, this thinker identified three classes of options in deciding which of two hypotheses to follow: living, forced, and momentous. That work argues against W. K. Clifford's evidentialism in defending religious practices. One of his works discusses the methods of analysis, introspection, experiment, and comparison in the title discipline. This author of The Principles of Psychology and The Varieties of Religious Experience used the example of a man chasing a squirrel around a tree to illustrate his theory of meaning in a work subtitled "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking". For 10 points, name this American philosopher and author of Pragmatism. Answer: William James 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Claremont and Michigan - #6 Social Studies -- Philosophy Otto Weininger's performance of this action is featured in Jean Améry's essay about it. In one work, a follow-up to The Rules of Sociological Method, this process was considered as a social fact. In that work, one motivation for performing this is split up into acute and chronic economic and domestic types, all of which see the loss of balance between means and needs. Unmarried males perform this action more often due to a lack of social integration, while too much integration can lead to self-sacrifice. For 10 points, name this act that comes in egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic, and anomic types in a sociological work titled for it by Emile Durkheim, the act of killing oneself. Answer: suicide [accept equivalents until "Durkheim"] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Claremont and Michigan - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker objected to Descartes's ideas about the transcendence of God and the existence of human free will in his explanation of Principles of Philosophy. One of his works begins with definitions, axioms, and fifteen propositions about the nature of God, the only substance in the universe. In another, he denies that Moses wrote the entire Torah, and insists on a close, critical reading of Scripture in distinguishing between Jewish divine and ceremonial law. For 10 points, name this author of the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus who was excommunicated from the Jewish community of Amsterdam before writing Ethics. Answer: Baruch Spinoza [or Benedictus Spinoza] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Dorman and Arizona State F - #17 Social Studies -- Philosophy In one work, this thinker linked material things to cause-and-effect reasoning and motivating forces with moral reasoning as two of the four distinct types of objects and reasoning. This author of "On the Basis of Morality" built on Kant's view to say that humans create the violent state of nature in one work. That work also states that the human body is the only object with both of the title entities, which represent the objective and subjective self. Besides "The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason", he wrote a work which criticizes Kant's view of the thing-in-itself. For 10 points, name this pessimistic German author of The World as Will and Representation. Answer: Arthur Schopenhauer 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Lisle and Maryland B - #2 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker criticized Bernardino Telesio for not going far enough in De Principiis atque Originibus. In one work, he compared scholastic deduction to a spider's web and introduced the bee as a symbol of scientia operativa. This author of Cogitata et Visa proposed constructs which beget fallacies and can be based on human nature, personal belief, public communication, and philosophical systems; those are related to the Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theatre and are the four idols. That work by this man updates a work of Aristotle with a new, inductive way of testing knowledge. For 10 points, name this pioneer of the scientific method who wrote Novum Organum. Answer: Francis Bacon, Viscount Saint Alban 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Lisle and Maryland B - #20 Social Studies -- Philosophy One work by this author examines the reforms of Samuel Tuke and uses the "ship of fools" to compare the title state with leprosy in the Middle Ages. Another of his works studies systems of knowledge, which he called "epistemes," throughout history with his "archeological" method. He described ways in which governments take advantage of human functions, known as "biopower". This author of Madness and Civilization wrote a work which uses Bentham's Panopticon as a model for society and its prisons. For 10 points, name this postmodernist author of The Order of Things, The History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punish. Answer: Paul-Michel Foucault 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Ohio State - #14 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker's early work rejected traditional epistemology for his "theory of inquiry", which appeared in works like "Is Logic a Dualistic Science?". He argued that humans interact with the world through self-guided activity in "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." This man termed a bias for the stabler aspects of existence the "philosophic fallacy" in his Experience and Nature. His experiences with a laboratory school he opened in Chicago informed his view that school should be an extension of society with self-directed students acting as a community. For 10 points, name this pragmatist philosopher who wrote The School and Society and Democracy and Education. Answer: John Dewey 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Oxford - #18 Social Studies -- Philosophy One essay by this thinker discusses the sentence "Scott is the author of Waverley." This man held the view that the world consists of discrete entities which together form facts, which he called logical atomism, but later abandoned it for neutral monism. This author of "On Denoting" devised his "theory of types" to resolve the question of whether the set of all sets that are not members of itself is a member of itself, his namesake paradox. One of this man's works, written with his former tutor, attempted to derive mathematics from formal logic. For 10 points, name this logician who, with Alfred North Whitehead, wrote Principia Mathematica. Answer: Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Rancho Bernardo and Delaware - #4 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker argued that morality and freedom imply one another, sometimes called the reciprocity thesis. In one work, he stated that non-empirical concepts need a transcendental deduction to justify them. That work is divided into a "Transcendental Doctrine of Elements" and a much shorter one "Of Methods." This author of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals contrasted material and formal principles and their corresponding hypothetical and categorical imperatives. He also claimed that the title concept of one work was related to a priori, not a posteriori, knowledge. For 10 points, name this author of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. Answer: Immanuel Kant 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by RPI - #21 Social Studies -- Philosophy One work by this man describes an investigative process as a "virtuous circle" rather than a "vicious circle" in examining both the title entity and the process of creating it. This author of "The Origin of the Work of Art" closely read The Critique of Pure Reason in his Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. In another work, he said that people should be more authentic in their interactions, responding to the "call of conscience" to achieve their possibilities. That work described the existence of the individual as being engaged with other people and things, which he called "Dasein". For 10 points, name this German philosopher and Nazi supporter who authored Being and Time. Answer: Martin Heidegger 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD - #2 Social Studies -- Philosophy This philosopher named a form of perception the "analogon" in his work The Imaginary. He argued that feelings of despair and angst are not enough for individuals to hide behind "deterministic excuses," arguing that one's essence is created and that the title concept "is a humanism" in one essay. In another work, he analyzed sexual desire in the context of "the look" and distinguished between the first title concept "in-itself," "for-itself," and "for-others," while opposing living life in terms of the past or defining one's existence in terms of social role as examples of "bad faith." For 10 points, name this French proponent of existentialism who wrote Being and Nothingness. Answer: Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UNC and Rutgers-Camden and Wisconsin - #7 Social Studies -- Philosophy One of this man's works quotes the Aeneid to prove that gods can be conquered. That work begins with ten books attacking paganism and adopts Varro's conception of theology. He wrote a religious imitation of Cicero's Orator called De doctrina christiana. He spent most of his last twenty years attacking Pelagianism. One of his works contrasts the title entity, which contains virtuous men and angels, with a similar one "of Man." In one work, he describes how he rejected Manichaeism and how he was read neo-Platonist works by St. Ambrose of Milan. For 10 points, name this bishop from Hippo who wrote the City of God and the autobiographical Confessions. Answer: St. Augustine of Hippo 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by VCU - #16 Social Studies -- Philosophy This thinker devised a thought experiment wherein two figures communicate using only the words block, pillar, slab, and beam. In one of his works, he made use of notation including the propositional variable p and the formal operation N of xi. This thinker introduced the aforementioned language-games in his Philosophical Investigations. Another of his works consists of seven propositions and their corollaries about the nature of facts and logic, including "The world is everything that is the case" and "What we cannot speak of, we must pass over in silence." For 10 points, name this Austrian philosopher and author of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Answer: Ludwig Wittgenstein 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #21 Social Studies -- Psychology Another name for it is instrumental learning, a term introduced by Thorndike, whose law of effect became the cornerstone of the theory of this process. Unlike the simpler classical variety, in this form of learning the response is mainly influenced by stimuli that follow rather than precede the response, and acquisition of a newly learned pattern of response is typically achieved through reinforcement. Studied by B. F. Skinner, FTP, what is this type of conditioning? Answer: operant conditioning 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #13 Social Studies -- Psychology This man's autobiography was 1963's Memories, Dreams, and Reflections. Originally an assistant at the Burgholzli Clinic under Eugen Bleuler, he went on to develop the concept of shadow, the repressed and guilt laden part of the personality, as well as animus and anima, the male and female parts of the personality. He coined the terms extrovert and introvert in 1923's Psychological Types, while his broader application of the libido signaled his break with Freud. FTP, who was this Swiss analytical psychologist who developed the theory of the collective unconscious and wrote 1912's Psychology of the Unconscious? Answer: Carl Gustav Jung 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan B - #17 Social Studies -- Psychology He regularly gave lectures on popular astronomy to working class audiences, leading to the publication of his A Philosophical Treatise of Popular Astronomy, and at his death he left a book on the philosophy of mathematics entitled The Subjective Synthesis. He argued that human kind progressed through a theological stage, a metaphysical stage, and finally a scientific stage, in his appropriately-named "law of three stages," while his romance with the tubercular Clotilde de Vaux influenced his view of the woman's place in an ideal science-based society. FTP, identify this French founder of positivism, considered to be the first sociologist. Answer: Auguste Comte 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #19 Social Studies -- Psychology Wolfgang Kohler's The Mentality of Apes presents a refutation of the ideas of this psychologist. He served as an instructor in genetic psychology at Columbia and in 1904 was made director of the Institute of Educational Research. His works Educational Psychology and Mental and Social Measurements reflected his interest in the intelligence of children, but he is better known for his namesake puzzle box that he used for testing animal psychology. FTP, identify this psychologist and author of Animal Intelligence, the developer of the laws of exercise and effect. Answer: Edward Thorndike 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Cornell - #7 Social Studies -- Psychology His papers were published posthumously as The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. Instead of studying troubled clinical cases, he studied normal individuals, including Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Eleanor Roosevelt, and based his theories on common traits he encountered in their histories. In Toward a Psychology of Being and Motivation and Personality, he put forth the idea that each person has a hierarchy of needs which must be satisfied. FTP, identify this proponent of the theory of self-acutalization. Answer: Abraham Harold Maslow 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley and South Carolina - #10 Social Studies -- Psychology One founder was inspired by his attendance at lectures by Ehrenfels on recognizing transposed melodies. Based on concepts such as pragnanz, closure, and the constancy phenomenon, the legitimatacy of this school of thought was buttressed by studies of problem solving among the apes of Tenerife. It began as a reaction to Wundtian structuralism and later targeted behaviorism, arguing that a complex stimulus can't be broken down into atomistic thought units or stimulus-response components. Founded by Koffka, Köhler, and Wertheimer, FTP name this school of psychology focused mainly on perceptual phenomena such as the phi phenomenon, whose name is German for "whole". Answer: Gestalt psychology 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #19 Social Studies -- Psychology This psychologist initially studied under and entered analysis with Karl Abraham, and later founded the American Journal of Psychoanalysis. Holding that men felt the urge to justify themselves in fields other than birth, a term she dubbed "womb envy", she rejected many of Freud's ideas, including "penis envy", leading to her expulsion from the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1941. Known for her emphasis on the environmental and social reasons for neuroses, FTP, who is this psychoanalyst, author of Feminine Psychology and New Ways in Psychoanalysis? Answer: Karen Horney (horn-eye) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #5 Social Studies -- Psychology The explanation for this concept's invention was put forth in a letter its originator wrote to Fliess in which he said that a long train-trip may have given him the opportunity to be sexually aroused by a certain naked individual. Introduced in the paper A SpecialTtype of Choice of Object Made By Men, it was famously used by Ernest Jones to explain Hamlet's behavior. It's devisor held that it was one manifestation of the early phallic stage, and that overcoming it gives rise to the superego. FTP, identify this Freudian male analogue of the Electra Complex. Answer: Oedipus Complex 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #11 Social Studies -- Psychology His attachment to one of his most famous theories led to a lengthy feud with William Bayliss and Ernest Starling. He expanded on Sherrington's explanation of the spinal reflex, while his noted ambidextrous skill as a surgeon and his invention of a non-intrusive namesake "pouch" allowed him to study the digestive process in dogs. His research linking digestion to the nervous system won him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, but he is now better known for other work with dogs. FTP, who is this Russian who taught a dog to associate food with a ringing bell? Answer: Ivan Pavlov 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #20 Social Studies -- Psychology Read, Fordham, and Adler compiled the collected works of this man, whose first important work was a book on the psychology of dementia praecox. Drawn to psychology after attending the lectures of the pioneer Pierre Janet, he extended the definition of libido to apply to the totality of life' processes, and in 1923's "Psychological Types" introduced the concepts of introvert and extrovert. FTP, who was this Swiss psychologist, developer of the concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes? Answer: Carl Gustav Jung 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #5 Social Studies -- Psychology The developer of this concept held that it was governed by two fundamental forces, one of which is the repetition compulsion. Designated by a term originally used by Groddeck, it is present at birth and conforms to the primary processes, thus leading it to ignore contradictions, as well as space and time. Designating the unorganized parts of the psychic apparatus, it observes the pleasure principle. FTP, what is this part of Freud's theory of the mind, the counterpart of the ego and superego? Answer: Id (or Das Es) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #9 Social Studies -- Psychology With Margaret Vaughan he wrote the book "Enjoy Old Age", while autobiographical information can be found in works like "Particulars of My Life" and "A Matter of Consequences". He delivered the famous William James Lectures at Harvard in 1947 mainly on the strength of his 1938 work "The Behavior of Organisms", which presented his theories on operant conditioning, further addressed in his controversial books "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" and "Walden Two". FTP, who was this behaviorist psychologist famous for his namesake "box"? Answer: Burrhus Frederick Skinner 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #10 Social Studies -- Psychology This work took over eight years to sell 600 copies. It contains a famous section relating a scene in a large hall with numerous guests, including the widow Irma and the author's friend Otto. It divides the title concept into its actual, or "manifest content," and its hidden meaning, or "latent content." This work contains chapters that attempt to identify the title concept's "Stimuli and Sources," its role as "Wish-Fulfillment," and to explain why they are forgotten upon waking. FTP, identify this work of Sigmund Freud that first analyzed the importance of understanding dreams. Answer: The Interpretation of Dreams 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Central Florida - #18 Social Studies -- Psychology In a 1936 lecture, its theorizer said that this structure corresponds to what Marcel Mauss called "categories of the imagination." Earlier he said that the influence ascribed to the stars by astrologers was nothing more than the "introspective perceptions of [this structure's] activity" in his 1927 work, Structure of the Psyche. Proposed by its developer based on the ideas of Adolf Bastien, it doesn't develop individually, but rather originates from the inherited structure of the brain, and is identical in all people. Constructed from motifs and archtypes, FTP, what is this part of the psyche containing the common memories and impulses of humanity, posited by Carl Jung? Answer: collective unconscious 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #13 Social Studies -- Psychology This work features sections entitled "The Attitude Towards Personality," "Maturity and Old Age," and "Education for Choice," and uses people like Lola, Fala, Mala, and Siva as examples. Its 68 test subjects lived in three villages on the lee side of the island of Tau, and were all between the ages of about 9 and 20. Based on eight months living in the namesake locale, the author concluded that social and cultural structures play a large role in adolescent development. FTP, name this book, the best-known work of Margaret Mead. Answer: Coming of Age in Samoa 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #8 Social Studies -- Psychology This man developed the kerplunk experiment, in which the subject is trained to run into a wall, and while working for Maxwell House, he helped develop the coffee break. He argued that thoughts were nothing more than sub-vocalized speech that could be monitored through movements in the larynx. He held that the results of his most famous experiment proved that mental illness was the result of "habit distortion." Dismissed from the faculty of Johns Hopkins due to sexual impropriety, FTP, identify this psychologist most famous for his Little Albert experiment and as the founder of behaviorism. Answer: John Watson 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #17 Social Studies -- Psychology Thought to first manifest itself around age four, its existence would support Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of Gender Constancy. Its formulator held that one consequence of it gives rise to resentment of the daughter for her mother. In New Ways in Psychoanalysis, Karen Horney argued against it and created an analogous opposing theory, her central argument being that women covet the power monopolized by men, not the titular entity. FTP, name this Freudian theory that holds that woman have the unconscious desire to possess the male sexual organ. Answer: Penis Envy 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley B, Rutgers, and Chris Romero - #14 Social Studies -- Psychology Tim Crow argues for an evolutionary origin and links it to the development of language. Studies link it to a gene known as COMT, and a prevalent theory claims that overactivity of dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway result in the main symptoms associated with it. The term for it was coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1911, replacing Emile Kraepelin's term "dementia Praecox." FTP, name this psychiatric disorder, which may be classified as undifferentiated, disorganized, catatonic, or paranoid. Answer: schizophrenia 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley C, Florida State B, and Alfred University - #21 Social Studies -- Psychology One of his last works, Mysterium Coniunctionis, dealt with alchemy and symbolism. He worked with Eugen Bleuler at the Burgholzli Asylum, applying word association tests to find negative, emotional, repressed content he called complexes. He resigned from the International Psychoanalytic Society in 1914 after breaking with Freud, and differentiated between introverted and extroverted attitudes in Psychological Types. FTP, name this psychoanalyst who developed the ideas of animus and anima and the collective unconscious. Answer: Carl Gustav Jung 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Carleton and Georgia Tech B - #9 Social Studies -- Psychology In 1894 he studied chess players in order to see what traits would be necessary of a Grandmaster. He blindfolded players and had them play the game from memory, though only top players were able to do this. Early in his career he worked under Jean-Martin Charcot and became director of the one of the Sorbonne's laboratories. In his most famous work subjects were assessed according to whether they could do such things as follow a lit match, repeat 3 digits, and reproduce drawings. FTP, name this French psychologist thus credited with developing the first intelligence test, and whose name became linked with Stanford in a set of standardized intelligence tests. Answer: Alfred Binet 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A and Vanderbilt A - #4 Social Studies -- Psychology His autobiography, written in the year of his death, is entitled Erlebtes and Enkanntes. Originally trained as a physician, he worked with Helmholtz at the University of Heidelberg, where he wrote Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception. He founded the journal Philosophical Studies in 1881, eight years after publishing his landmark Principles of Physiological Psychology, which stressed the investigation of the immediate experiences of consciousness. FTP, name this man, who in Leipzig in 1875, set up the first experimental psychology lab. Answer: Wilhelm Wundt 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago C, Kentucky A, and Delaware - #9 Social Studies -- Psychology People who are either in a state of "cognitive load" or live in so-called "individualist" societies are more likely to commit it. Coined by Lee Ross, it was studied in a classic 1967 study by Edward Jones and Victor Harris in which subjects were asked to assess the pro- or anti-Castro sentiments of various speakers. Resulting largely from a misunderstanding of perspective and rarely occurring in analysis of one's own behavior, it is also known as the actor-observer bias. FTP, name this psychological phenomenon, the tendency of people to overemphasize personality-based explanations for behavior in others. Answer: fundamental attribution error (accept early buzz of actor-observer bias) 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by LSU, MIT, and UNC - #12 Social Studies -- Psychology As all its subjects were male, it was followed by studies which found that females behaved the same, although more nervously, and several other variations including one using a telephone and one using a contact plate. One of the participants, unbeknownst to the rest, was in fact an actor who would bang on the wall separating him from the participant and cite his heart condition, after which he would cease both responding and complaining. Approximately 65% of subjects, who believed they were testing learning methods, continued on, and all administered a 300-volt shock in, FTP, what experiment which was actually testing the subjects' willingness to follow authority? Answer: Stanley Milgram obedience experiment [prompt on obedience experiment] 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A, GWU, and Rose Hulman - #8 Social Studies -- Psychology In 1996, Andre Lalande's class notes from this man's philosophy course at the Lycee de Sens were recovered and used to reconstruct the lectures. John Cuddihy states that there are forty-five references to the Pentatuch in his first major work, completed in 1893. In comparing the Pentateuch to the Twelve Tables, he argues that as a society gets more advanced, the individual is more pronounced and society less homogenous. That argument appears in his Division of Labor in Society, and in 1897, he divided another phenomenon into four types: egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic. FTP, name this French sociologist and author of Suicide. Answer: David Emile Durkheim 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina A, Yale A, Grinnell Driscoll, Chicago D, and Florida D - #17 Social Studies -- Psychology He dropped out of law school and married his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, before yoinking part of his major theory from The Organism by Kurt Goldstein. He believed that a person's "philosophy of the future" provides insight into their potential for resisting enculturation, being reality-centered, and being problem-centered, as part of a theory that he developed after noticing that monkeys seek drink before food. He explained his major contribution in Motivation and Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being. FTP, name this humanistic psychologist who posited that self-actualization is at the top of the hierarchy of needs. Answer: Abraham Harold Maslow 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A and Florida A - #10 Social Studies -- Psychology Two of this man's later works, Vital Involvement in Old Age and The Life Cycle Completed, were written with his son Jon. He collaborated with Alfred Kroeber on studies of the Yurok Indians, and he first studied cultural influences on psychological development among the Sioux Indians at Pine Ridge. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his historical work Gandhi's Truth, and he applied his theories to explain how the titular figure was able to break with the religious establishment in Young Man Luther. Heavily influenced by Freud, his most famous theory said that each time division of a person's life was dominated by a crisis, such as initiative vs. guilt and trust vs. mistrust. FTP name this author of Childhood and Society, in which he posited his eight stages of psychosocial development. Answer: Erik Erikson 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky B, South Carolina A, and Dartmouth B - #21 Social Studies -- Psychology This term was first used by the French philosopher Jean-Marie Guyau in The Non-Religion of the Future. It was borrowed for the development of "strain theory," which emphasized the pressure that underprivileged minorities face to take advantage of any opportunity for income, even if illegal. That theory was developed by Robert Merton, who also paired this word with "Social Structure" in a famous work. It was explained as coming from the lessening role of religion in society and the economic changes associated with the Industrial Revolution in The Division of Labor in Society by the man most associated with it. FTP name this sociological term for a state of alienation and purposelessness stemming from a lack of societal norms, espoused as a cause of suicide by Emile Durkheim. Answer: Anomie 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Georgia A - #4 Social Studies -- Psychology This man joined the staff of the Burgholzli Asylum under the direction of Eugen Bleuler and had great success with association tests. Samuel Beckett claimed to experience a revelation after hearing a lecture in which this man referred to a patient as having never properly been born. He gained fame in his field after publishing The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, and his publication of Psychology of the Unconscious in 1912 led to his break with Freud. In Psychological Types, he divided people into introverts and extroverts, but he is even more famous for studying the shadow and the anima. FTP name this Swiss founder of analytic psychology who researched the role of archetypes and the collective unconsciousness. Answer: Carl Jung 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A and Chicago C - #2 Social Studies -- Psychology In one theory of this concept's development, the transition from peer-oriented or collective-oriented to objective-oriented requires a namesake pluralism. Carol Gilligan claimed that the most famous theory of it was biased against women because its studies did not include any, and Elliot Kuriel separated its development from that of the more interpersonal social convention in his domain theory. The most famous theory of it was developed in part based on people's reactions to reading stories, such as one about a man who steals medication for his wife, and it included six stages, the last of which, universal principles, is a theoretical endpoint. FTP name this concept theorized to develop in pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels by Lawrence Kohlberg, generally defined as a sense of right and wrong. Answer: morality [accept moral development or morals] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #6 Social Studies -- Psychology This term was inspired by an event that saw a man walk around singing "Killing Me Softly." Shawn Hornbeck was an apparent sufferer of this who was discovered after police located Michael J. Devlin. In another example, Brian David Mitchell was able to transport a girl to public places wearing a veil. The most famous sufferer used the name Tania during her involvement in the Sunset District branch of the Hibernia Bank. FTP, name this psychological response displayed by Elizabeth Smart and Patty Hearst in which a hostage becomes sympathetic with their kidnapper, named for a bank robbery in the Swedish capital. Answer: Stockholm syndrome or capture-bonding 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Brown - #14 Social Studies -- Psychology With Herve Raynaud, this man wrote about the axioms of diversity, symmetry, and positive responsiveness. He is credited with developing the first learning-by-doing model, and he co-authored Existence of a Competitive Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy with Gerard Debreu. A type of risk aversion is named after Pratt and this man, and he developed a result similar to the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem which relies on independence of irrelevant alternatives and non-dictatorship. For 10 points, name this author of Social Choice and Individual Values, who stated that some voting systems cannot fairly rank candidates in his namesake "Impossibility Theorem." Answer: Kenneth Arrow 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #17 Social Studies -- Psychology This writer discussed nasal reflexes and the concept of "Hamlet the hysteric" in a series of letters written to Wilhelm Fliess. One of his works argues that the murder of the title figure is the basis of the Jewish faith while another argues that the title structured society infringes on individual desires, leading to the title misery. In addition to Moses and Monotheism and Civilization and its Discontents, he explored incest in primitive cultures in Totem and Taboo and discussed the concepts of id, ego, and superego in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. For 10 points, name this writer of The Interpretation of Dreams, the founder of psychoanalysis. Answer: Sigmund Freud 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard C - #3 Social Studies -- Psychology This man explored what effect skyscrapers have on urban life in "Vertical City," and he studied people who communicate by repeating radioed messages, cyranoids. He studied the responses to people cutting into lines or asking for someone to give up their seat on the subway, and he asked people to send packages to those most likely to know the target in his small world experiment. Variations on his most famous experiment showed higher stress rates in women, though they were just as likely to continue operating the machine. For 10 points, name this man who had people administer electric shocks in his obedience experiment. Answer: Stanley Milgram 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A, Missouri State, and J.S. Reynolds - #18 Social Studies -- Psychology With Harvey Carr this man explored the importance of "kinaestheic sensations" in rats running a maze, causing them to run into a wall in his kerplunk experiment, and he argued that thinking was a form of "sub vocal speaking." Author of a work subtitled "An Introduction to Comparative Psychology," he worked in advertising late in life and is credited with inventing the coffee break. With Rosalie Rayner he performed an experiment that involved making loud noises, resulting in a young boy growing afraid of furry white things, especially a rat. For 10 points, identify this performer of the Little Albert experiment, the founder of behaviorism. Answer: John Broadus Watson 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD and Princeton A - #11 Social Studies -- Psychology A lesser-known method for scoring this test is known as Bohm's system. The more commonly used method, the Exner system, takes into account factors such as location, form, color, movement and frequency. An attempt to improve it is known as the Holtzman test, which provides more objective scoring criteria and increases the number of test items from ten to forty-five. The original ten test items consist of three multicolored figures, two black and red figure, and five black figures on white paper, all of which are open to interpretation. For 10 points, name this psychological test that asks participants to identify objects in ambiguous pictures that resemble drops of ink. Answer: Rorschach Inkblot Test [prompt on Inkblot Test] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by OSU and Carleton A - #8 Social Studies -- Psychology Clayton Alderfer reorganized this concept into one with three levels, with each level lying across an introversion-extraversion axis. One element of this concept was first developed by Kurt Goldstein, and can be measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory. Over the course of its development, its constituents were split into D- and B-levels, and three more levels were added to the original five, including ones labeled “cognitive” and “aesthetic.” For 10 points, self-actualization occupies the top tier of what construct proposed by the American psychologist who wrote Toward a Psychology of Being, Abraham Maslow? Answer: Maslow's hierarchy of human needs [accept equivalents] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Rice and Michigan - #9 Social Studies -- Psychology This psychologist used the case of Mrs. L and her son Jim to illustrate his most famous theory in his book Counseling and Psychotherapy. His A Way of Being was a follow-up to a work in which he asserted that “the good life is a process, not a state of being” and discussed the development of “trust in one's organism,” On Becoming a Person. This psychologist developed a system of therapy involving a non-directive approach based on unconditional positive regard for the patient. For 10 points, name this psychologist who developed client-centered therapy. Answer: Carl Ransom Rogers 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Rice and Michigan - #18 Social Studies -- Psychology Types of this phenomenon include acculturative, which is associated with the conflicts of maintaining a minority identity, and transitional, which is associated with conflict across important developmental periods. Hans Selye described a universal response to this, which he termed the General Adaptation Syndrome. It can mediate illness by increasing high-risk behaviors and depressing the immune system, and Type A personalities experience higher levels of it than Type B personalities. For 10 points, name this phenomenon which is characterized by mental or emotional strain.  Answer: stress  2009 ACF Fall - Packet by St Anselm’s HS and Truman State A - #15 Social Studies -- Psychology This formulator of the epigenetic principle studied the Yurok Indians with the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber. He analyzed a religious reformer in Young Man Luther and analyzed another historical figure in a work subtitled “On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence.” This author of Gandhi's Truth advanced his most important theory in Childhood and Society; that theory states that each part of a person's life is marked by a conflict, such as industry versus inferiority or trust versus mistrust. For 10 points, name this psychologist who postulated eight stages of psychosocial development and coined the term “identity crisis.” Answer: Erik Homburger Erikson [or Erik Homburger; or Erik Salomonsen] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt, Brown A, and Iowa - #14 Social Studies -- Psychology This school's principles were applied to social behavior by Kurt Lewin, who emphasized the importance of one's entire “life space.” This school's primary principle encompasses laws of similarity, continuity, and closure and is known as prägnanz. It is typically dated back to 1912's Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement, a discussion of effects such as the phi phenomenon that was written by Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler, and Max Wertheimer. For 10 points, name this psychological school which emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Answer: Gestalt 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Chipola - #3 Social Studies -- Psychology In one work, this author urged psychologists to stop using mentalistic constructs like defense mechanisms, homunculi, and the two title concepts. In another work, he distinguished internal speech, or autoclitics, from the four types of regular speech: echoic behavior, mands, tacts, and interverbals. He wrote a novel demonstrating a community founded by T. E. Frazier according to this man's theory. This psychologist delivered reinforcing stimuli to creatures in his namesake box during operant conditioning. For 10 points, name this behaviorist who wrote Verbal Behavior, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, and Walden Two. Answer: Burrhus Frederic Skinner 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #1 Social Studies -- Psychology In one of this thinker's experiments, his graduate students found it difficult to ask fellow subway riders for their seats, even though most obliged. In another, he found that people were less willing to mail lost letters if they were addressed to odious organizations. Mr. Jacobs was a prolific friend of a stockbroker in Sharon, Massachusetts, who passed letters on to him from Omaha in this man's Small World experiment, which gave rise to the idea of "six degrees of separation". For 10 points, name this psychologist who showed that subjects were willing to give electrical shocks up to 450 volts to actors who got questions wrong in his namesake experiment on obedience. Answer: Stanley Milgram 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Ohio State - #18 Social Studies -- Psychology The first section of this work refers to an experience of Joseph Delboeuf, which he called "hypermnesic." This work claims that the title entities are effected through condensation to overcome censorship, and also contains a scene called "Non vixit." One scene in this work features the author's friends Leopold and Otto, who had given the ailing Irma an injection. This work's third chapter states that each of the title entities "is the Fulfillment of a Wish", which its author later revised in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. It contains the first formulation of the Oedipal complex. For 10 points, name this analysis of visions people have while asleep, written by Sigmund Freud. Answer: The Interpretation of Dreams [or Die Traumdeutung] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by RPI - #17 Social Studies -- Psychology In one experiment conducted by this man, subjects were trained to run through a maze to find food; when the maze was shortened, the subjects would run straight into the wall. This author of Psychological Care of Infant and Child wrote a "manifesto" which claimed that psychology was an experimental branch of the natural sciences. In one experiment, he hit a metal pipe with a hammer to create a Pavlovian response in an 11-month-old child, who soon developed a fear of white rats. For 10 points, name this American psychologist and pioneer of behaviorism who conducted the Little Albert experiment. Answer: John Broadus Watson 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD - #7 Social Studies -- Psychology One study of this phenomenon pitted it against authoritarianism in the "F-Scale" and was made by Levinson, Sanford, Frenkel-Brunswik, and Adorno. In his book on the "pattern and growth" of this phenomenon, Gordon Allport developed the "trait" theory of it. Studies of this phenomenon are grouped into "projective" and "objective" types; an example of the latter is the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory. The best known method of studying this phenomenon combines one letter from each of ENSJ and INFP. For 10 points, identify this measure of a person's individual differences and human nature measured by the Myers-Briggs test. Answer: personality 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In 1882 all organizations of this religion were divided into two groups, state shrines and sectarian churches. The written record of the ancient beliefs and customs first appeared in 712's Record of Ancient Matters. This religion worships a collection of extraordinary natural objects, gods and supernatural beings known as kami, while emperors were said to be descended from its sun goddess. FTP, name this major Japanese religion. Answer: Shinto or Shintoism 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology She rides a pale-white horse which keeps a slow, steady gait, yet she cannot be caught by any rider no matter how they spur their horse. After the birth of her son, the six women appointed to watch over her son fell asleep. After his kidnapping the six women smeared this woman's face with blood and pretended she had killed her son. FTP, identify this mother of Pryderi and wife of Pwyll whose name is found in the title of a Fleetwood Mac song. Answer: Rhiannon 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Notable adherents of this doctrine included Edward Herbert of Cherbury and Henry St. John. Arguing against the need for religion to be imposed by religious institutions or supported by divine revelations, it reached its height during the 18th century Enlightenment, and held that belief in God can commend itself to the human mind by its own reasonableness. Adhered to by Voltaire, FTP, what is this religious doctrine usually taken to involve God's leaving the Universe to its own lawful devices? Answer: deism (prompt on natural religion) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of his lovers was Uathach, a daughter of his tutor, the warrior-woman Scathach, and forgetting his own strength, he broke Uathach's fingers while taking a dish from her hand. His son Conlaoch later challenged him to single combat, and not recognizing his son, he impaled him on the end of his spear. Possessing seven fingers, seven toes, and seven pupils in each eye, FTP, who is this Celtic hero best-known for fighting off the forces of Queen Maeve? Answer: Cu Chulainn (or Setanta) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Atlantic - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He wore a chain of seashells around his neck and a chain of rattles around his ankles, and he often wore a conical cap made from the skin of a jaguar. He was once aided by vultures, an eagle, a coyote, a wolf, and hundreds of moles in digging up his slain father, the Sun. He taught the Toltecs of Tula how to raise corn, but he was forced to flee by Tezcatlipoca. FTP, name this Toltec and Aztec deity known as the plumed serpent god who was once confused with Hernando Cortez. Answer: Quetzalcoatl 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Lesser ones were held in the early Spring at Agrae and involved seed trays called kernos, while the Greater ones were held in the early fall at sowing time, and usually lasted 9 days. Starting with Assembly day, the second day was the Halade, when initiates raced to the sea with a piglet under their arm and bathed themselves for purification, while on the Pompe day the initiates walked 14 miles on the Sacred Way from Athens. FTP this is a description of what mystery religion of Ancient Greece which was performed in honor of Demeter and her daughter? Answer: Eleusinian Mysteries 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure is depicted as having four arms, in which he carries a club, shell, discus, and lotus. Also known as Hari and Narayana, at various times he takes the forms Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Matsya, Vamena, Rama, Krishna, and the Buddha. FTP, who is this kindly preserver god of Hinduism? Answer: Vishnu (prompt on Hari or Narayana) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One myth holds that this mythological figure was worshipped as the god Virbius in Italy after being brought back to life by Asclepius. Hating luzury, he worshipped only Artemis, causing him to incur the wrath of Aphrodite. After his mother Antiope died, his father Theseus married Phaedra, who fell in love with him. He rejected her advances, but before she killed herself Phaedra accused him of violating her, leading Theseus to banish him and pray to Poseidon for his death. FTP, who was this man dragged to death by his own horses? Answer: Hippolytus 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Anecdotes about the deeds of this religious leader are found in the Janam-sakhis, and relate his travels to such places as Rome and China. Born into the mercantile Khatri caste in the village of Rai Bhoi di Talvandi, he worked in a granary until his religion inspired a lengthy period of travels. Until his death, when he was replaced by his hand-picked successor Angad, he preached salvation by meditation on the name of God from his home in the village of Kartarpur, and his hymns dedicated to this purpose are collected in the Adi-Granth. FTP, who was this first guru of Sikhism? Answer: Guru Nanak 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god held court at Svarga, his heaven in the clouds, and his attendant were called the Maruts. His most notable exploit was returning water to the earth by defeating the evil dragon Vritra, which he achieved by drinking large amounts of soma to take on giant form. The son of Dyaus Pita and Prthivi, from whom he was born fully grown and armed, he rode the great white elephant Airavata, and his most famous son was Arjuna. FTP, who was this supreme ruler of the gods in Vedic times, the husband of Indrani? Answer: Indra 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Although the actual author of this book is unknown, its first verse attributes it to "qohelet", or "preacher", who is identifiied as "the son of David, king in Jerusalem". Questioning the doctrine of retributive justice, chapter 9, verse 1 holds that man's fate does not depend on righteous or wicked conduct, but is rather an inscrutable mystery that remains hidden in God, and goes on to observe that "the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong,...but time and chance happen to them all." FTP, what is this book of the Old Testament containing the famous observation that "All is vanity"? Answer: Ecclesiastes 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This mythological figure avenged his brother's death by killing Lynceus after having abducted and married Lynceus's cousin Hilaeira. While one of the Argonauts he killed the belligerent king Amycus with his boxing skills, but he is best-known for exploits performed with his brother, including the abduction of Theseus's mother Aethra and the rescue from Aphidnae of their sister Helen. Granted immortality by Zeus, FTP, who is this man who then shared that immortality with his slain brother Castor? Answer: Pollux or Polydeuces 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Among the exploits of the mythological figure were the capture of the Marathonian bull and the slaying of the Crommyonian sow. In his old age his unpopulatity forced him to take refuge in Scyros, where he was murdered by Lycomedes. Earlier, he had left home after becoming strong enough to lift the stone under which his father Aegeus' sword was hidden, and went on to marry Phaedra, who bore him the son Hippolytus. FTP, who was this chief hero of Attica who, with the aid of Ariadne, slew the Minotaur? Answer: Theseus 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The earliest reference to this festival is from the pilgrim Etheria, who attended it in Jerusalem in the late 4th century. Called Hypapante in the Greek church, it was instituted in the Western chirch by Pope Sergius I, and commemorates the occasion when the Virgin Mary, in accordance with Jewish law, went to the Temple in Jerusalem to be purified 40 days after the birth of her son and to present Jesus to God as her firstborn. Celebrated on February 2, FTP, what is this festival whose current name derives from the custom of observing it with lighted candles? Answer: Candlemas (or Presentation of the Lord or Presentation of Christ in the Temple) (accept early Hypapante) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology An everlasting supply of boar's flesh is produced here by Saehrimnir, while mead is provided by the magical goat Heidrun. Possessing 540 gates through which 800 can pass at a time, it is here that the Einherjar are waited upon by the Valkyries, while the wolves Geri and Freki are fed at the feet of Odin. FTP, what is this great hall where slain soldiers await Ragnarok? Answer: Valhalla 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The final passage in this book, consisting of Chapter 16, Verses 9-20 and accounting for the Resurrection, is omitted in some manuscripts and replaced by a shorter passage in others. Among its notable aspects is the author's emphasis on Jesus' reluctance to reveal himself as the Messiah, as well as the author's attention to the Passion, predicting it as early as chapter 8 and devoting the final third of the book to the last week in Jesus' life. The shortest and earliest of the four gospels, FTP, what is this second book of the four New Testament Gospels? Answer: The Holy Gospel of Jesus Christ According to St. Mark 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The most important rituals of this religion are the bembes, in which spirits enter the bodies of the participants. Its adherants prefer to call it Lucumi, and its principal saints include Elegua and Shango. Collectively, its saints, called orishas, were identified with major Roman Catholic saints in order to protect its early practitioners, Yoruba slaves who were forced to work in Cuba, and who later migrated to the United States. Spanish for "the way of the saints", FTP, what is this religion which gained attention in the early 1990s when its animal sacrifices were declared to be protected by the first amendment? Answer: Santeria (prompt on The Order of the Orishas or The Order of Lucumi) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This goddess formed an astral triad with the sun god Shamash and the moon god Sin, and her symbol was a star with 6, 8, or 16 rays within a circle. A major myth tells how she was rescued by the creature Asushu-Namir from her sister, the underworld goddess Ereshkigal. She had descended to the underworld by passing through seven gates, losing an article of clothing at each, in an attempt to retrieve her beloved Tammuz. FTP, who was this Babylonian goddess who, in her anger, sent the bull of heaven against Gilgamesh after he rejected her, not to be confused with a bad movie starring Dustin Hoffman and Warren Beatty? Answer: Ishtar 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology During the Trojan War, the bones of this king were brought to Troy because of a prophecy that this was the only way the Greeks could conquer the city. He had become king of Pisa by convincing Myrtilus to remove the linchpins from the chariot of King Oenomaus, so that when he carried off Oenomaus' daughter Hippodameia her father was thrown from the vehicle and dragged to death. However, this man then betrayed Myrtilus, leading Myrtilus to curse his sons. FTP, who was this man who possessed an ivory shoulder after being cut to pieces by his father Tantalus and served as a meal to the gods? Answer: Pelops 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Anecdotes about the deeds of this religious leader are found in the Janam-sakhis, and relate his travels to such places as Rome and China. Born into the mercantile Khatri caste in the village of Rai Bhoi di Talvandi, he worked in a granary until his religion inspired a lengthy period of travels. Until his death, when he was replaced by his hand-picked successor Angad, he preached salvation by meditation on the name of God from his home in the village of Kartarpur, and his hymns dedicated to this purpose are collected in the Adi-Granth. FTP, who was this first guru of Sikhism? Answer: Guru Nanak 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Cornell - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This mythical name identifies a man from Hellas who was blinded and cursed by his father Amyntor after they quarreled. Eventually healed by Chiron, he became friends with Peleus and was soon responsible for raising Achilles. This name also identifies a creature that, according to Ovid, lives on frankincense and odoriferous gums and makes its way to Heliopolis with the charred remains of its parent to deposit in the temple of the sun. FTP identify this name most commonly associated with a magical bird that lives 500 years before it is destroyed and reborn in flame. Answer: Phoenix 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Cornell - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Some translations of this book take it as a conversation between a "bride" and a "bridegroom", even though there is no evidence of marriage and no sign of who is speaking. Most scholars hold that it is an allegory concerning the spiritual love of God for Israel rather than a depiction of sensual love. FTP, name this book of the ketuvim sometimes attributed to a wise king of Israel. Answer: Song of Solomon (or Song of Songs or Canticle of Canticles) 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan B - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One myth tells of this god's pursuit of the numph Lotis, who was changed into a lotus tree to escape him. The brother of Hymen, he could supposedly be kept away by the braying of a donkey. Imported from Lampascus, where Pausanias reported he was supreme among all gods, he became popular in the Roman Empire, where he served as a god of sailors, fishermen, and gardens, and red satyr-like statues of him where placed in the fields to ensure fruitfulness. FTP, who was this fertility god known for his enormous phallus? (85 perfectly written poems in honor) Answer: Priapus 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His reign was troubled by a tribal insurrection under the Chaldean Merodach-Baladan which led him to appoint Bel-ibni as sub-king to deal with the problems. He was constantly threated by the Elamites, who he defeated at Halule. He attacked Jerusalem, but did not sack the city and Isaiah described him as God's instrument, but didn't not condemn his actions. His wife Naqai fathered his heir Esarhaddon, and he was known for his splendid palace: Shanina-la-ishu or "Nonesuch." FTP, name this son of Sargon II who made Nineveh his capital and the destruction of whose armies is the subject of a Byron poem? Answer: Sennacherib 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Among its powers are invisibility, flight, the creation of magical music, misdirection, the creation of storms and fire, and transformation, the last of which is used to change into a nymph in Act I, Scene ii, and to a harpy in Act III, Scene iii. This creature of ambiguous gender was imprisoned in a pine tree's trunk by the evil witch Sycorax, but then freed by the newly arrived island inhabitants, both of whom it serves in return, creating a storm to exact revenge upon Antonio and his kinsmen at the behest of Miranda and Prospero. FTP, identify this airy spirit that appears in Shakespeare's The Tempest. Answer: Ariel 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #13 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of his aspects is the cosmic dancer Nataraja, and his phallus is represented by the stone lingam. At one point he swallowed the world's sins and has held them in his throat ever since, contributing to his blue color. Named for the Sanskrit for "Auspicious One", this father of Ganesha had a bull called Nandi, and his consort is represented in many forms, including Uma, Shakti, Durga, Kali, and Parvati. FTP, identify this god of the Hindu trinity that is usually given the epithet "The Destroyer." Answer: Shiva 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Rome these Greek figures were named Nona, Decuma, and Morta, and were collectively called the Parcae. In Greece, their collective name derived from the word meaning "a lot", and like the Hesperides they were considered to be the daughters of Nyx. FTP, who were these sisters named Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos who by spinning, measuring out, and cutting the thread of life controlled the destines of man? Answer: the Fates or Moirai 2001 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #23 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This religious text was originally transmitted orally, but an effort to compile a written version culminated in the Ninth Century with the efforts of Bokhari and Moshin. It consists of six compilations, the two most important of which are the Sahih Bukhari and the Sahih Muslim. FTP, identify this complement to the Quran containing the traditions of the sayings and doings of Muhammed, the second most important text of Islam. Answer: Hadith 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley and South Carolina - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He tried to escape Manasseh's wrath by hiding in a hollow tree, but the king had it sawed in two. His father Amoz was brother of King Amaziah, but he still took the side of the landless poor and said God would one day destroy the "city of confusion" that ruled the earth. FTP, identify this prophet and namesake of an Old Testament book who lived through Sennacherib's attack and heralded the coming of the Messiah. Answer: Isaiah 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley and South Carolina - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One source claims that these creatures laid agate eggs, while another holds that a poisoned liquid will change color if served in a cub made for its claws. Although they waged war with the Amazons, a better known conflict is their frequent strife with the Arimaspians, who frequently raided their mines and stole their gold. FTP, what were these mythical monsters with the body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle? Answer: griffins 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In order to obtain them, Odin wounded himself and hung from Yggdrasil for nine days and nights, gazing into Niflheim plunged in deep thought. Having won the knowledge he sought, he placed these upon the claws of the bear, the teeth of Sleipnir, Gungnir, and countless other things, giving him power over all. FTP, identify these characters used first to signify magic and mystery and later for documents and records, the earliest alphabet of the Nordic people. Answer: runes 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Two legends describe his death: one posits that Caligula ordered him to commit suicide in 39 CE, perhaps for having led an attack on his enemies on Mt. Gerizim, while the other posits that he and his wife died peacefully after having embraced Christianity. Taking his name from the term for a freedman's hat, he received his position due to the support of Sejanus, whose protection allowed him to challenge Jewish religious sensibility, as in the time he hung worship images of Tiberius throughout Jerusalem. Faced with his most famous decision, he supposedly "washed his hands of it," saying of the condemned "...I find no fault in him." FTP, identify this Roman procurator of Judea, the official responsible for condemning Jesus to crucifixion. Answer: Pontius Pilate 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In this religion, the outside world is referred to as "Babylon" and its major scripture is the "Holy Piby." Meditation is helped by the use of ganja and the deity is known as Jah. Its practitioners often wear woolen caps of red and gold, although many of them quit the religion in 1974 after its leader's death. FTP, name this religion associated with pot and reggae and the veneration of Haile Selassie. Answer: Rastifarianism 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to one myth, he was co-ruler of Latium with Camesus. Other accounts list Uranus and Hecate as his parents and Camise as his wife. He had an affair with the nymph Juturna and gave birth to the minor god Fons. His most notable child was Tiberinus, who drowned in the Tiber River. The first hour of each day and the first day of each month were sacred to this deity, while legions embarking for war walked through his gate in the Forum. FTP, name this Roman god of beginnings, endings, entrances, and exits, best known for his 2-faced appearance. Answer: Janus 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The literary character Velutha is a member of this group. Placed below the Sudras, they do not have a varna, or color, associated with them. Recently, they have chosen to be known as "dalits", while earlier Gandhi had dubbed "Harijans" or "Children of God" in an attempt to improve their lot in life. FTP, name this group technically now known as the "Scheduled Castes", ostracized due to their employment in polluting tasks. Answer: Untouchables [accept "Harijans" or "Dalits" before they are mentioned] 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois and Yale - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman came up with this idea at the same time as its more famous discoverer, calling it by its mathematical name, SU(3). This concept created a periodic table of strongly interacting particles, and like the elemental periodic table, was supported by discoveries that filled in gaps, most notably the omega minus particle. Given its more common name by Murray Gell-Mann, this is FTP what framework of baryon and meson families which Gell-Mann named for the path to enlightenment in Buddhism? Answer: Eightfold Way (aceept SU(3) early) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois and Yale - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This religious grouping currently has between 60 and 80 million adherents. Among its holy sites is that of the Battle of Karbala near Kufa in modern Iraq, the site of a 680 battle, which saw the defeat of the forces of Hussein by those loyal to the caliph. Hussein was the son of the 4th caliph, Ali, and the adherents of this sect believe the succession of caliphs should have been through Ali's line. FTP, name this branch of Islam, opposed to Sunnites. Answer: Shi'a or Shi'ites 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Their initiates undergo a ceremony meant to bind student and teacher called the ahd, and full members are given the title of murid and expected to begin memorization of the Mathnawi. The first order was formed in Baghdad in 1166 by Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, who espoused their central belief that poverty is needed to be in relation to God. All orders are united by celebration of the dhikr, or invocation of God, which for the Mevlevi order of Konya involves a unique form of exaltation. FTP, name these mendicant members of Sufism, known for their whirling. Answer: dervishes (or fakir. Prompt on Sufism.) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Assuming the name Gagnrad, he traveled to the hall of his rival Vafthrudnir, and defeated him in a duel of wits by asking about the words he whispered into his dying son's ear. He attempted to hang himself upon learning of his doom in Ragnarok. His search for knowledge began with a trip to the Well of Wyrd, where its owner Mimir demanded an eye in exchange for a sip. FTP, name this Norse god of wisdom, the leader of the Aesir. Answer: Odin 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Another name for this goddess is "Boöpis", making reference to her beautiful, round "cow-eyes", and according to legend she could restore her youth and virginity every year by bathing in the waters of Canathus near Nauplia. Most famously worshipped in antiquity in Argos and Samos, the cuckoo and the peacock which held the eyes of her faithful servant Argos were sacred to her, and while one legend held that she conceived one son by eating lettuce, her children Hebe, Ares, and Hephaestus are usually held to have been fathered by her husband, the sky god. For 10 points name this goddess of marriage and childbirth, the wife of Zeus. Answer: Hera 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The nymph of this name helped Zeus in his battle against the Titans, although as the wife of the titan Pallas she gave birth to Bia, Cratos, Zeles, and Nike. The geographic feature of this name is known for its Adamantine Gates and for the oaths sworn over it by the Greek gods, who were punished for breaking their word by drinking water that would cause them to lose their voices for nine years. With a name meaning "hate", it was said to wind seven or nine times around Hades. Thought to be crossed by Charon, FTP, what is this river of Greek myth in which Achilles was dipped to gain invulnerability? Answer: Styx 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Its heaviest concentration of membership is in East Africa, followed by the United States, where early in their history Mary Dyer and four others were executed for their beliefs. One notable division occurred during the feud between John Wilbur and Joseph Gurney. The sect was formed during the English Civil War, when its founder proclaimed, "since there was that of God in every man," a formal church structure and educated clergy were not necessary. Divided into Orthodox, Conservative, and Hicksite subgroups and emphasizing the "inner light", FTP, identify the Christian denomination founded by George Fox and spread in colonial America by William Penn, named for their tendency to "tremble" before God. Answer: Quakers (or Society of Friends) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to one myth this figure has a doppleganger that tempts her husband away from court, while another tells of her youth in the house of Duke Cador and subsequent abduction by King Melwas. Various versions of the story describe her entry into the Convent of Caerleon or Amesbury after Agravain brings her scandal into the open, although versions differ over whether the man involved is Mordred or Lancelot. FTP, who is this adulterous wife of King Arthur? Answer: Guinevere 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Its final four chapters are an analysis of memory, time and eternity, and the Book of Genesis. Earlier, the author describes his two trips to Carthage, which he calls a "cauldron of illicit loves", and his time in Ostia, where he shares what he calls a vision of "eternal wisdom". Gradually growing dissatisfied with his life of indulgence in sex and other sensual pleasures, a conversation with his friend Alypius prompts his to convert to Catholicism in the garden of his home in Milan, fulfilling the wishes of his mother Monica. FTP, what is this famous autobiographical account of the religious struggles of St. Augustine? Answer: The Confessions of St. Augustine 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Some alternate legends hold it was the child of Styx and Pallas. After its death, its killer dipped his arrows in its blood, making them incredibly poisonous. During the battle, the hero's feet were attacked by a crab sent by Hera, while his nephew and charioteer Iolaus aided him with a flaming torch, which was used to cauterize the wounds of this beast of Lerna. Eventually, Heracles buried the invulnerable part of it under a boulder, completing his second labor. FTP, what was this beast known for its regenerating heads? Answer: hydra 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The central story concerning this deity is sparked by a series of insults perpetrated by her brother, culminating in his throwing a flayed horse into her weaving hall. Born from the left eye of her father, she bore many children by her brother after chewing and spitting out pieces of the sword her gave her while he did the same with her jewels. His rude behavior led her to retreat into a cave, but the other gods gathered together a number of cocks and hung a mirror on a tree, and teased her outside by laughing at the disrobing of Amenouzume, thus returning light to the world. FTP, who is this Shinto sun goddess? Answer: Amaterasu (Omikami) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Much of the information about them comes from master negatives found at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. It includes works like "The Manual of Discipline", "The War of the Sons of Light with the Sons of Darkness", and the "Thanksgiving Psalms", as well as a commentary on the Book of Habakkuk and copies of "Jubilees", "Tobit", "First Enoch", and "Isaiah", while the most extensive part is a document containing ritual law known as the "Temple Scroll". FTP, what were these leather and papyrus documents found in a cave on the namesake sea in 1947? Answer: the Dead Sea Scrolls 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One story about this god tells of the trouble caused when he impaled the eagle of Thiazi when angered over the amount of his food Thiazi ate, while another tells of his theft of cursed gold from the dwarf Andvari. The son of the giants Farbauti and Laufey, at one point his wife Sigyn is forced catch poison dropped on him while he is chained to three boulders. FTP, who is this Norse trickster god? Answer: Loki 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One figure with this name was the brother of Cadmus and Cilix who failed in his attempt to recover his kidnapped sister Europa from Zeus, while another succeeded Chiron as tutor to Achilles. More famously, this name is attached to a creature who lives near a cool well in which it bathes every dawn, singing so sweetly that the sun-god stops every day to listen. When born, it embalms the remains of its ancestor in an egg and flies it to the altar of the sun-god in Heliopolis, only to have the same happen to it centuries later. FTP, what is mythical bird that is periodically killed and reborn in flame? Answer: Phoenix 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology It is home to the globular clusters M92 and M13, the later of which is rated as the finest globular cluster in the northern sky. Its brightest stars are its beta and zeta stars, both with magnitude 2.8. Known to the Arabs as "the Kneeler", it is the fifth largest constellation, and its alpha star is one of the largest known, and is known as Ras algethi. FTP, what is this constellation representing a legendary strongman of Greek myth? Answer: Hercules 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The so-called Southern school of this religion emphasized sudden enlightenment, but had died out by the 8th century. Introduced to the west largely through the writings of D.T. Suzuki, it was originally introduced by the legendary Bodhidharma. Its varied practices include the continual invocation of Amida in the Obaku school, while the Soto school uses the practice of zazen, or sitting in meditation without expectation, but most famous is the Renzai sect's use of paradoxical koans. FTP, what is this major branch of Buddhism? Answer: Zen Buddhism 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One figure of this name was the daughter of King Nisus of Megara. Promising to deliver Megara into the hands of her lover Minos, she cut off a golden hair from her father's head, incurring her father's hatred, prompting her to throw herself into the sea. The other was transformed into a monster with barking dogs for legs, twelve arms, and six heads due to Circe's jealousy of Glaucus' love for her. FTP, who is this monster located across the Strait of Messina from Charybdis? Answer: Scylla 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#4) - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The concluding chapter of this book, number 52, is a historical appendix derived mainly from second Kings, chapters 24 and 25. Composed of four main parts, the third contains prophecies against other nations like Moab, the Ammonites, and Egypt, while the opening section includes descriptions of the visions of the almond rod and baskets of figs. Chapter 20 is notable for the series of confessions of the title prophet, while chapters 30-33 contain prophecies of restoration known as the "Little Book of Comfort". FTP, what is this book of the Old Testament, some of which was recorded by the namesake's scribe Baruch? Answer: The Book of Jeremiah (or Prophecy of Jeremias) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology At one point this mythological figure was taken to Delos by the goddess Eos, whom he served sexually. Originally intended to marry Merope, he grew impatient over delays in the wedding and raped her, prompting her father Oenopion to blind him. After the rays of the rising sun restored his sight, he became a follower of Artemis, and according to one legend was killed after an angry Artemis sent a scorpion to attack him. FTP, who was this great hunter of Greek myth, immortalized as a constellation? Answer: Orion 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#5) - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The first major medieval reference to this figure is found in the "Flores historiarum" of Roger of Wendover, who reports his name as Cartiphilus, while an Italian variant of the story uses the name Giovanni Buttadeo. John, Chapter 18, Verses 20-22 are often cited as the basis of the story, which was famously revived in a 1602 German pamphlet in which he is named Ahasuerus, and which tells of his taunting of Christ while on the way to the crucifixion, prompting Jesus to respond "I stand and rest, but you will go on." FTP, who is this character of Christian legend doomed to live until the end of the world? Answer: the Wandering Jew 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The only temple dedicated to him is at Pushkar. In the 7th century C.E. the sect known as the Smartas chose five deities to worship and omitted this one, and currently there are no sects or cults which worship him. He was usually pictured as standing on a lotus throne or riding his swan, the hamsa, and is often accompanied by his consorts Savitri and Sarasvati. He originated either from a primordial golden egg or from a lotus which sprouted from Vishnu's navel. Formerly an important god, his name now denotes a divine essence. FTP, name this Creator god of Hinduism. Answer: Brahma 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to one legend Gondoforus, king of the Indies, provided this man with money to build a palace, but he gave it to the poor. According to the apocryphal Acts of his name, he worked as a missionary in India and was finally martyred at Meliapore. Earlier, he alone suggested that the disciples join Jesus in his dangerous journey to heal Lazarus. Also known as Didymus, FTP, who was this disciple whose failure to believe in the Resurrection gave him the moniker "doubting"? Answer: St. Thomas (accept early answer of Didymus) 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology As a child he was given the four winds to play with by the wind god Anu. Originally a god of thunderstorms, a text which surfaced during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I bestowed 50 honorable names upon him, and told how with a bow and arrow and some magic given to him by his father, Enki, he slayed the dragon Tiamat and her consort Kingu, and created mankind from Kingu's blood. FTP name this god whose story is told in the Enuma Elish, the chief deity of ancient Babylonia. Answer: Marduk 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The author of this book is often contrasted with those "of the circumcision," particularly in Colossians 4:10-14, indicating that he was a gentile. Dedicated to Theophilus, this book is referred to as the source material for Acts, and it is thought that the author is the same. The author of this book implies that he was not an eyewitness to the events described, but does state that he researched them fully. It begins with the infancy and childhood of Jesus and ends with the resurrection. FTP, identify this synoptic Gospel, the third book of the New Testament. Answer: Book of Luke 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology As an infant he was saved from death by his mother Polymede, who pretended that he had been stillborn to spare him from his usurping uncle. Raised in a wilderness cave by the centaur Chiron, he became the pawn of Hera, who held a grudge against his uncle Pelias. After bearing Hera in the guise of a mysterious woman across a river, he undertook his most famous task, which was to journey to Colchis to retrieve a possession of King Aeetes. FTP, name this hero who searched for the Golden Fleece as captain of the Argonauts. Answer: Jason 2002 ACF Fall - Packet by Stanford - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology After the title character is exiled, his brother is made regent, after which Bharat places the title character's sandals upon the throne. Jatayu, the king of the birds, unsuccessfully attempts to prevent the abduction of the title character's wife, who he married after bending a bow of Shiva at the behest of King Janaka. Aided by Lakshmana and the monkey-king Hanuman, the title hero defeats the demon king Ravana. Attributed to Valmiki, FTP, identify this Indian epic of India about the legendary figure Rama. Answer: The Ramayana 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He stabbed the Branstock tree with the magical sword Balmung, stating that he who could pull it free would win in battle. He could make the dead speak, and once persuaded Baugi to bore a hole in his brother Sattung's cave so that he could obtain the mead of Kvasir. He hung pierced from the boughs of Yggdrasil by his spear Gungnir in order to obtain the runes that made him so wise. Owner of the ring Draupnir and the eight-legged horse Sleipnir, FTP, who was this leader of the Norse pantheon? Answer: Odin 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Central Florida - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of the main stories about them concerns an arrow that pierced one of their members, Elatus, which ultimately resulted from the time Heracles was entertained by another of them named Pholus. The first of them was born from the union of Ixion and a cloud shaped like Hera. Inhabitants of Mount Pelion, one of them, Eurytion, attempted to rape Hippodamia at her wedding to Pirithous, leading to their famous battle with the Lapiths. Most famously represented by the tutor Chiron, FTP, what were these creatures with the bodies of horses and the heads of men? Answer: Centaurs 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Central Florida - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Byzantine historian Procopius described a white stone column located in North Africa that described the flight from the army of this Old Testament figure, the son of Nun. Of the tribe of Ephraim, his forty years as a slave are mentioned in Exodus, as is his selection to fight the people of Amalek. Upon the death of Moses, this man led the Israelites. FTP, identify this namesake of the sixth book of the Old-Testament, perhaps best known for conquering Jericho. Answer: Joshua 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology She turned a nymph her husband was chasing into a mint plant, and when Pirithous tried to take her for his wife, he was bound by snakes. The nymph Cyane melted into water after witnessing her abduction, which occurred when she wandered away from her friends the Oceanids to examine a large dark-blue flower. This gave Hades the chance to carry her off, while later, her eating of pomegranate seeds forced her to become his queen. FTP, who is this daughter of Demeter who must spend part of each year in the underworld, where she gets to share Adonis with Aphrodite? Answer: Persephone (or Proserpina or Persephassa) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Book 4 its author discusses his first work, De pulchro et apto, and his reading of Aristotle's Categories, which, along with Cicero's Hortensius, greatly influenced him. Book 3 relates the author's infatuation with the Manichean heresy, while Book 5 tells of the first meeting with Ambrose in Rome. Book 9 is the last of the autobiographical ones and closes with prayers to Patricius and Monica, the author's mother. Detailing the author's early hedonism and conversion to Christianity, FTP, name this spiritual work by St. Augustine. Answer: The Confessions of St. Augustine 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology When the dwarf Alvis asked for the hand of this god's daughter Thrud, this god asked Alvis questions until the sun turned Alvis to stone. He is the patron god of the lower classes, and receives them in the magnificent hall Bilskirnir. To reach the Urdar fountain in the shade of Yggdrasil, he must wade through the rivers Kormt, Ormt, and Kerlaug, because he is not allowed to cross Bifröst. He is equipped with the belt Megin-giörd and the gauntlet Iarn-greiper, which allows him to wield his hammer Mjölnir more effectively. FTP, who is this powerful Norse god of thunder? Answer: Thor (accept Donar) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Two lesser-known Biblical figures with this name were a prophet killed by King Jehoiakim and the chief priest of Ahaz of Judah who witnessed for Isaiah. The best-known figure of this name was rewarded with a mess of meat for following his king's command to go home and wash his feet. However, he slept at the king's door due to his guilt that Israel, Judah, and Joab had to sleep in a tent, after which the king sent him to the front lines of a fierce battle to engineer his death. FTP, who was this husband of Bathsheba betrayed by David, known as "the Hittite"? Answer: Uriah 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Emory - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Thracian bard Thamyris was blinded and given amnesia for claiming to be the superior of this group of deities, while a similar claim by the Pierides was disproved in a contest judged by a panel of nymphs. Generally depicted as winged deities, they were the children of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Early myths claimed there were three named Nete, Mese, and Hypate, but the best known account is that of Hesiod, who described nine, including Erato, Polymnia, Terpsichore, Calliope, and Urania. FTP, who were these goddesses of literature and the arts? Answer: Muses 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Emory - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Attempts to codify this work's contents include "The Prepared Table", the "Book of Rows", and the "Decided Laws". It exists in two versions, the longer of which is the "Bavli", or "Babylonian" version, which has more authority than the shorter "Yerushalmi", or "Palestinian" version. It consists of two parts, the second of which, the "Gemara", is commentary on the laws found in the first part, the "Mishnah". FTP, what is this book of Judaism second in importance only to the Bible? Answer: The Talmud 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Miscellaneous - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology As the god Rig, he created the three races of mankind: the serfs, the peasants, and the warriors. Similar to the god Tyr, his rides the mount Gulltop, and lives in the hall of Himinbjorg. Born of the nine daughters of Aegir, he is also known as Gullintani because of his "golden, shining teeth." He can hear the grass grow and can see a hundred miles around him, and he will sound his great Gjallarhorn to summon the gods to battle at Ragnarok. FTP, name this Norse god of light, the guardian of the rainbow bridge Bifrost. Answer: Heimdall 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Chapters 40-66 of his book are thought to be by later authors, and contain the "Servant songs". The son of Amoz, he had his sins removed from him when a seraphim held a burning coal to his lips during his dramatic calling, described in chapter 6. From the last days of King Uzziah to the invasion of Sennacherib he acted as God's ambassador, warning kings and advisors of their sins. FTP, who was this first of the major prophets? Answer: Isaiah 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of his forms is a union of himself and his consort in one body known as Ardhanarisvara, while other manifestations include Dakshinamurthi and Nataraja, the cosmic dancer. The Ganges flows through his hair, breaking its fall to the earth. He has imparted his immense knowledge of the arts to his sacred mount Nandi, which always appears opposite the main sanctuary of his temples. In private shrines he is generally worshipped in the form of the lingam, a phallus that is fixed upon a pedestal. The father of Skandi and Ganesh, FTP, who is this god of the Hindu trinity, known as the Destroyer? Answer: S(h)iva 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology With a name meaning "knowing the oak tree", many people voluntarily joined this class due to their exemption from tribute and abstinence from warfare. Some early information about them comes from the Stoic Poseidonius, but the principal source of knowledge comes from Julius Caesar, who claimed that they and the noblemen were the two classes held in honor in Gaul, where they were suppressed by Tiberius. In Ireland, they lost their priestly status after the coming of Christianity, but survived as poets and historians. FTP, what is this class of judges among the Celts now remembered for frequenting forests? Answer: Druids 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida Metropolitan - #22 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology To the grief of his parents, he married Judith and Bashemath, two maidens of Canaan. The descendents of this "son of the desert", the Edomites, remembered the old quarrel between he and his brother, and with fierce hatred warred against Israel. FTP, name this Old Testament figure who was given the nickname of Edom, or "red", because of the red lentil pottage for which he sold his birthright. Answer: Esau 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He stole the fire for his mother's kitchen, and his name may mean either "beautiful eye" or "left-handed." When challenged by the giant eel Te Tuna, he showed his phallus, then crawled through the mouth of Te Tuna and decapitated him. Also called Tiki, this trickster god made a fish hook from a jawbone and pulled up a giant fish, which became the land. FTP, name this Polynesian trickster and creator god who shares his name to the second largest Hawaiian island. Answer: Maui (accept Tiki until it is mentioned) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida - #23 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Born in Kanazama in 1870, he taught English upon his return to Japan in 1909, then took a position at Otani University in 1921. Earlier, while working in Illinois, he translated such works as Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana. A great influence on such men as Joseph Campbell and Robert Pirsig, his principal works include Studies in Zen Buddhism and Zen and Japanese Culture. FTP, name this Buddhist scholar, sometimes referred to as the man who brought Zen Buddhism to America. Answer: Daisetz Teitaro (D.T.) Suzuki 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Indiana - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Sometimes identified as a double of the enemy of Athanasius of Cappadocia, some myths involving this religious figure involve his conversion of the empress Alexandra and his baptism of Perseus. A vision of him supposedly foretold the fall of Antioch, inspiring Richard I to pray to him for protection during his drive to Jerusalem. He accomplished his best-known feat with the aid of the girdle of the Princess of Selena, which allowed him to lead his victim like a lamb. FTP, name this saint whose symbol is an upright red cross, known for his association with dragon slaying and as the patron saint of England. Answer: Saint George (accept variants on his name) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Objects associated with him include the water pot, a string of pearls, a spoon, a staff, and an alms dish. Acknowledged in many myths as the father of Narada, Dharma, and Atri, he is usually depicted as having red skin, wearing a white robe, and holding in his hands the Vedas that supposedly sprang from his head. Later, he grew more heads to look at the beautiful goddess he created to be his consort, Sarisvati. FTP, name this god, the creator in the Hindu pantheon. Answer: Brahma 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One story tells of his encounter with the nymph Carna, who beguiled suitors into a cave but ran away after promising to make love to them. However, this god caught her, after which she granted him her favors, for which he gave her the power to chase away vampires. His son Tiberinus gave the river Tiber its name after drowning in it. After Tarpeia betrayed the Romans to the Sabines, he saved the Romans by flooding the gates; appropriate, since he was the god of gates and doors, as well as beginnings and endings. FTP, who was this Roman god best known for having two faces? Answer: Janus 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#1) - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology To resolve the competition for land between this Biblical figure and his uncle, his uncle allowed him to settle in the east in the valleys of Jordan. As an old man, he became the father of Benammi and Moab after his daughters made him drunk and slept with him. The most famous story about him ends with his departure for Zoar after he is visited by two angels, who warn him that they are about to destroy Sodom. FTP, who was this nephew of Abraham whose wife was turned to a pillar of salt? Answer: Lot 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Examples of this type of mythological creature include the Japanese god Ryujin and Long, one of the four spiritual creatures of Chinese myth. Ahura Mazda's son Atar battled one named Azhi Dahaka, while Indra defeated one named Vritra. Tiamat is one from Babylonian myth, while the best-known example from classical myth is probably Ladon, who guarded the golden apples. FTP, what are these huge winged lizards who often have the ability to breathe fire? Answer: dragon (prompt on wyrm or firedrake) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#2) - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Fairly recent cases have involved people like Catherine Emmerich, Elizabeth Mora, Marie de Moerl, and Louise Lateau. Earlier cases involving saints include those of St. Lidwine, St. Gertrude, and St. Lutgarde, the latter of which was the second known occurrence. The first occurred on Mount Alverno, and was attested to by Pope Alexander IV, while in a later case, Catherine of Siena prayed in her humility that the evidence for hers be made invisible. First occurring to St. Francis of Assisi, FTP, what is this appearance of bodily wounds like those suffered by Christ? Answer: stigmata (accept stigma) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Kelly McKenzie (#3) - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One historical figure of this name was a freedman of Claudius I who amassed an enormous fortune as his secretary general until Agrippina arranged his death. Another was a famous wrestler who murdered Commodus. The mythological figure with this name was the son of the nymph Liriope, who learned from Tiresias that he would live a long life if he never knew himself. Known for rejecting the advances of Echo, FTP, who was this beautiful youth who died when he couldn't stop staring at his own reflection? Answer: Narcissus 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Indian religion, its fruit or consequence is called phala. It can be changed by the acquisition of punna, achieved via dana, or "giving", sila, or adhering to moral precepts, and bhavana, or meditation. In Jainism, it is regarded as a fine substance that produces the chain of birth and death, while in Buddhism it plays a role in the time spent between lives, being burned off until a small amount is incorporated into the next life. Meaning "act", FTP, what is this central tenet of Indian religions, the influence of past actions on future reincarnations? Answer: karma (accept karman or kamma) 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In On the Fall of the Devil, he argued that the sin of the angels stemmed from the conflict between a desire for justice and happiness. In On Truth, he argued for a teleological notion of truth, a notion he used to define free will in On Freedom of Choice. Inheriting his most famous post from his teacher Lanfranc, he became famous for his doctrine of "faith seeking understanding", and presented his "four proofs" in the Monologian and the Proslogian. FTP, identify this man, made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093, most famous for his ontological proof of God's existence. Answer: St. Anselm 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Also known as Khenty-Imentiu, or "chief of the westerners," some Pyramid Texts give him a daughter in the form of a celestial serpent who purifies the monarch. This deity's cult was centered at Cynopolis, and priests of his were responsible for the Opening of the Mouth ceremony. He held steady the scales that measured mortal hearts against the feather of Ma'at, leading to Osiris the souls of those who passed the test. FTP, identify this Egyptian god of embalmings and death, often depicted as a jackal. Answer: Anubis 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #23 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In one tradition, men who hold this title, not the ijma, or the community, determine matters of revelation. It has also been an honorific attributed to such men as Abu Hanifah and al-Ghazali. Because the tradition of ghaybah holds that the last one disappeared, there is no consensus as to how many of them there are. The Sabiyah Ismails acknowledge seven, while the Ithna Ashari acknowledge 12, one of which is hidden, and is the mahdi. FTP, identify this term denoting the head of a Muslim community, also given to men who lead prayers in mosques. Answer: Imam 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The ruler of Mount Sipylus, one story tells of the time he lied to both Pandareos and Hermes about his possession of a golden guard-dog stolen from a shrine of Zeus. The father of the great sculptor Broteas and Niobe with his wife Dione, he was said to have stolen nectar and ambrosia from the gods to give to his friends, but he is best known for killing his son Pelops and serving him to the gods. FTP, who was this mythological figure forced to spend eternity in Tartarus just out of reach of food and water? Answer: Tantalus 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His rejection of the jealous goddess Clytie came back to haunt him, as Clytie told King Orchamus about this god's love affair with the king's daughter, Leucothoe, which resulted in Leucothoe being buried alive by her father as punishment. The father of Pasiphae, Aeetes, and Circe, he became angry with Odysseus's men after they killed and ate some of his sacred cattle. FTP, name this Greek deity who appears every day in his horse-driven chariot to fulfill his duty as sun god. Answer: Helios 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology They were spared death due to the intervention of the goddess Iris after their defeat, which led the King of Thrace to tell the Argonauts how to pass the Sympleglades. Driven off by Calais and Zetes, they had originally been sent to defile the food of Phineas. Traditionally given names like Aello, Calaeno, and Okypete, FTP, what were these birds with the faces of old women? Answer: Harpies 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A central tenet of this faith is the Ik Oknar, a statement emphasizing unity with the Primal Being. A traditional greeting shared among its adherents is "Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh." Its members are initiated into Armit and must wear the five articles of faith at all times. Known as great warriors, their members have been an important part of the Indian army, but the desire for sovereignty led some of their members to kill Indira Gandhi. Taking its name from the Sanskrit for 'disciple', FTP, name this Indian religion that traces it origins to Guru Nanak. Answer: Sikhism 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Virginia - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to Hesiod, one figure of this name was the wife of the Titan Thaumas. According to Euripides, the better known woman of this name was ordered to marry her cousin Pylades after having failed in a scheme to kill Helen, leading her to hold Helen's daughter Hermione ransom until Apollo delivered her brother Orestes from madness. FTP, who was this daughter of Agamemnon who joined Orestes in the murder of Aegisthus and Clytemnestra? Answer: Electra 2003 ACF Fall - Packet by Virginia - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The leadership of this religion prefer to be called Muwahhidun, or Unitarians. Initiation from lay status, or jahil, to clerical status, or aqil, is restricted, and members are required to conceal the true nature of the religion. The sacred scripture, the Kitab al-hikma, is a collection of letters written by Cairo Hamza, who joined Muhammad al-Durazi in proclaiming the divinity of the caliph al-Hakim. FTP, what is this offshoot of Islam centered in Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Syria? Answer: Druze 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley B, Rutgers, and Chris Romero - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Azeban, the dog of the Dawn Land people, has this distinction in Abenaki myth, also shared by the fertility god of the Hopi, Kokopelli. Chinese myth considers the monkey king San Wukong one, while the Ashanti consider the spider Anansi as one. The coyote to some Native Americans, Puck and other faeries to the Celts, and Prometheus to the Greeks, are also examples. FTP, identify these archetypal beings which defy the laws of the gods or nature, of whom the Norse Loki may be the best-known? Answer: tricksters 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley C, Florida State B, and Alfred University - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He was caught with the head of the ox Sky-Bellower, but got away when one of the anglers cut the line. In another episode, his greatest antagonist, mistaking him for a cat, is humiliated when unable to lift him completely from the ground. The offspring of Angerboda and Loki, when not in cat-form in the home of Utgard-Loki, he circles the Earth with his tail in his mouth. FTP, name this monster, who, in his death throes at Ragnarok, kills mighty Thor with his venom. Answer: Midgard Serpent or Midgardsorm or Jormungand 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley C, Florida State B, and Alfred University - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The earliest known post-Bible reference to this phenomenon is from Ignatius of Antioch's 106 AD Epistle to the Smyrneans. Based on Matthew 26:26-28 and John 6:53, in the Eastern Orthodox church, it is known as "metabole" or "metavole." Officially codified into dogma by the 1215 Fourth Lateran Council and reaffirmed at the Council of Trent in opposition to the Protestant belief of "commemoration," FTP what is this Catholic belief that the Eucharist becomes the body and blood of Christ? Answer: transubstantiation 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Carleton and Georgia Tech B - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Its authorship is sometimes attributed to Cerinthus although Dionysius of Alexandria, the most learned opponent of its authenticity, attributed it to a certain presbyter. The author vaguely identifies himself four times and addresses himself to seven Churches in Asia Minor. Christ's statement that he is the "Alpha and Omega" is repeated in the first and last chapters. Chapter 12 concerns the Woman and the Dragon, Chapters 17-18 describe the Great Bablyonian Harlot and Chapters 6-7 lay out the Seven Seals. FTP, identify this eschatological work generally attributed to the Apostle John and which predicts Armageddon. Answer: Book of Revelation of the Apocalypse 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Carleton and Georgia Tech B - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One myth tells of his incestuous love for his daughter Vak, the personification of speech, and one aspect of his more famous consort. Associated with and often taking the role of Prajapati, he is usually depicted as having four heads although he once had a fifth which was burned off by Shiva in anger. In one story he is born from a lotus coming from Vishnu's navel while in another he is born from a Golden Egg. His mount is the swan Hamsa and his consort is usually Sarasvati. FTP, identify this Hindu creator god and third member of the Trimurti. Answer: Brahma 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Carleton and Georgia Tech B - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology At a festival to her at the Cypriot city of Amathus a young man would pretend to go through birth pains probably because one myth holds that she died in childbirth on Cyprus. Another myth says she was killed by Artemis for infidelity. Having her origins as a nature goddess, she was a daughter of Pasiphae and Minos and ended up joining in "marriage" with the god Dionysus on Naxos. FTP, identify this woman who was abandoned after she helped Theseus survive the Labyrinth and kill the Minotaur. Answer: Ariadne 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A and Vanderbilt A - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Thrud is sometimes included in their number. They are described weaving entrails on a loom weighted with severed heads in Njal's Saga, but they are more often associated with the Einherjar [ine-HEAR-yar]. They also serve as messengers, and as they ride, their armor produces the Aurora Borealis. Their name means "Choosers of the Slain." Brynhild [BRIN-hild] is, FTP, one of what group of beautiful women sent by Odin to escort the bravest warriors who fall in battle to Valhalla? Answer: Valkyries 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A and Vanderbilt A - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The name's the same. One appears in the Apocrypha as the daughter of Raguel and Edna whose seven husbands were killed by the demon Asmodeus. The other was buried in the cave of Machpelah by her husband after she died in Kiriath Arba at the age of 127. She was for a brief time a captive of the Egyptian Pharoah and later King Abimelech of Gerar when her husband claimed she was his sister. She twice forced her handmaid to leave the family although earlier, because of her barrenness, she had offered Hagar to her husband. FTP, identify this name shared by the wife of Tobit as well as the mother of Isaac and wife of Abraham. Answer: Sarah 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago C, Kentucky A, and Delaware - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One myth has it that he was a product of an orgy in which Penelope gave her sexual favors to all 129 suitors. Commonly said to be the son of Hermes and Dryops, his ugliness horrified his mother but when taken to Olympus he delighted all the gods, hence his name. He so loved his afternoon nap that if disturbed he would let loose a shout that inspired an intense fear and mental disorder named for him. FTP name this Greek god of shepherds, nature, and rustic revelry depicted as half-man and half-goat playing on his namesake pipes. Answer: Pan (accept Faunus) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago C, Kentucky A, and Delaware - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In the Inferno Dante places him in the ninth bolgia of the eighth circle of Hell where he is constantly cleft in two. His father, Abdallah, died before he was born and when his mother died when he was six he was cared for by his uncle, the leader of the Hashim clan. Eventually marrying the wealthy widow Khadijah, he was forced to flee his home city due to Abu Jahl's opposition to his new views, eventually leading to his hegira to Medina. FTP, identify this man who, in 612, began being visited by the angel Gabriel and went on to become the chief prophet of Islam. Answer: Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abd Allah 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago C, Kentucky A, and Delaware - #24 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Its name is derived from the word for "to receive" or "to accept," and its origins can be traced back to 12th-century France. Its origins are attributed to Isaac the Blind, who was also the originator of the idea of sephirothic emanation. The origins for the Hermetic, or Christian, version can be traced to Renaissance Italy in the 1490s. For all versions the teachings are drawn from the ancient book known as The Zohar. FTP, what is this denomination of mystical Judaism which claims several famous adherents including Britney Spears and Madonna? Answer: Kabbalah 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology She was originally a princess of Lydia and daughter of Idmon of Colophon. Her biggest change occurred when she was doused with aconite after she hanged herself. She was given a chance to recant her claims by an old woman but hailed insults upon the woman, who was actually her opponent in disguise. She depicted Europa, Danae, and Leda on a beautiful tapestry so perfect that it led to her demise. FTP, name this figure who boasted that she was a better weaver than Athena, and for her hubris was turned into a spider. Answer: Arachne 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology At the end of the 19th-century a division of them known as tertiares, those who lived in secular society, developed. The papal bull Quo elongati permitted them to have buildings, which led to a schism between the Rigorists led by John of Parma and the Conventuals led by Bonaventure. This order was approved by Pope Innocent III in 1210, and called for disciples to lead an "apostolic life" like that of Jesus, which included a vow of complete poverty. Officially known as the "little brothers," this mendicant order was founded by an Italian saint. FTP, name this religious group created by a mystic from Assisi. Answer: Franciscan order or Friars Minor (accept Fratres minores or little brothers before it is mentioned) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Kentucky C - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In the Iliad they strike dumb Xanthus, Achilles' talking horse, when he prophesizes his master's death. According to Hesiod they were one of the many entities formed when the blood of the castrated Ouranos fell upon the Earth, while Aeschylus asserts that they are the offspring of Night. In the most famous story regarding them they are appeased when given the name "kindly ones" after they pursue Orestes to Athens. Although their number is often indeterminate, many ancient writers numbered them at three: Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone. FTP, identify these appalling and avenging spirits of Greek myth. Answer: Erinyes, or Furies or Eumenides 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A and Kentucky C - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Among the important writings of this religious group was the Letter to Flora A large number of their writings were discovered in 1945 near Naj' Hammadi and include the Gospel of Truth which was attributed to one of their most important leaders, Valentinus, and the Gospel of Thomas. Their cosmogony included a hierarchy of thirty Aeons one of whom, Sophia, formed the material world through her transgressions which was then shaped by the Demiurge. Believing that certain mystical wisdom was the key to salvation, FTP, what was this early heresy whose names comes from the Greek for "knowing?" Answer: Gnosticism 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Among her possessions in visual art is the head of the head of the demon Raktabija. Regarded as the greatest reality in Tantrism her name comes from the feminine form of the Sanskrit word for time. Sharing her name with the fourth and last age of the world, she was born from the forehead of Durga and is often depicted standing on top of Shiva because she provides his energy as his Shakti. FTP, identify this blood-thirsty aspect of the Devi or "Divine Mother" who wears a skull of necklaces and is worshipped by the Thugs. Answer: Kali 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The second stasimon is addressed to Helen calling her "death of ships, death of men and cities." There is a persistent use of yokes and nets as metaphors, which are finally embodied in the implement used to destroy the title character, who has committed a fatal act of hubris by walking into his palace on a lavish red carpet. Beginning with a watchmen looking for a beacon light, it ends with Aegisthus and his co-conspirator justifying their actions to the chorus of Argive elders over the body of the title character and his new concubine Cassandra. FTP, identify this Aeschylus tragedy in which Clytemnestra kills her husband, the first play in the Oresteia. Answer: Agamemnon 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Said to be located in the middle of Lake Guatavita, governorship of this location was given to Pedro Ursua, Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada and finally Antionio de Berrio. Its "Loss" forms the title for a colonial history of Trinidad by V.S. Naipul and it is located "Over the Mountains of the Moon" and 'Down the Valley of the Shadows" in a Poe poem. Walter Ralegh mentioned it in the subtitle of his book about the exploration of Guiana. It originally referred only to the ruler of Manoa but soon was extended to his whole kingdom. FTP, identify this city of gold sought by conquistadors in South America. Answer: El Dorado (accept Manoa before "title") 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Cvijanovich - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to the Historiae Augustae Alexander Severus had a statue of this man in his sanctuary. Porphyry placed him among the sages or divine men although Celsus believed that he was a sorcerer who learned magic in Egypt. He was also discussed in the controversial Testimonium Flavianum passage of The Jewish Antiquities of Josephus. In modern times he was the subject of a "Critically Examined" life by David Strauss as well as a biography by Hegel. FTP identify this religious figure, the brother of James "The Righteous," who was crucified during the governorship of Pontius Pilate. Answer: Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He was buried by God after dying on Mount Nebo, and his sister got leprosy after she showed her envy of him. The son of Amram and Jochebed, he was nursed by Yocheved and had a son, Gershom, after becoming a shepherd of Jethro, whose daughter he married. He took up this occupation for 40 years after he murdered an Egyptian for mistreating a slave, but God eventually revealed himself to this man on Mt. Horeb. FTP, name this brother of Aaron and husband of Zipporah, a prophet of the Old Testament who led the exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and received the Ten Commandments on Mt. Sinai. Answer: Moses (or Moshe) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A Jorge Luís Borges short story with this name describes a dream in which figures such as Thoth and Janus are shot with revolvers. Described in the poem Völuspá, some accounts state that afterward, Lif and Lifthrasir will emerge to repopulate Earth. Most agree that Hati eats the moon, Skoll or Fenris swallows the sun, Heimdall blows his Gjaller horn, and the gods battle the forces of Surt and Loki to the death. FTP, name this apocalyptic event of Norse mythology. Answer: Ragnarok [don't accept or prompt on "Twilight of the Gods" or "Gotterdammerung" or any of that jibba-jabba because they aren't the titles of those works] 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The relief on the base of Phidias' Athena Parthenos depicts the origin of this woman, and her story precedes that of the story of the Four Ages in Ovid's Metamorphoses. She is not named in Hesiod's Theogony but referred to as a "beautiful evil." However according to The Works and the Days she is taught to weave by Athena, given a thieving mind by Hermes and built by Hephaestus. She was then given in marriage to Epimetheus to punish man's acceptance of the gift of fire from Prometheus. FTP name this first mortal woman who unleashes evil onto the world by opening her namesake box. Answer: Pandora 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton - #24 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The birth of this mythological figure was met with a chilling prophecy of civil war and rivers of blood from the sage Cathbad, prompting the king's knights to call for the death of this child of Elva and Felim. However, the predictions of this child's beauty aroused the interest of King Conchobar, who spared her with the intent of eventually marrying her. First, she fell in love with the youth Noisi and ran off with him, prompting Conchobar to have Noisi and his brothers killed, which in turn drove her to kill herself. FTP, name this woman from Celtic myth known for her "sorrows." Answer: Deirdre 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by St. Thomas - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Popular festivals in honor of this god include the Tubilustrium and the Equirria. His sacred animals were the woodpecker and wolf and his epithets included Gradivus and Ultor. His consort was the Sabine fertility goddess Nerio, but Ovid relates that he was tricked into sleeping with Anna Perenna. The chief temple of his sat on the Capitoline hill beside those of Jupiter and Quirinus, the latter of whom is associated with his son Romulus. FTP, name this Roman god of war often identified with the Greek Ares. Answer: Mars or Mavors or Mamars or Maris (do not prompt or accept on buzz of "Ares") 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Subash Maddipoti - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His main temple, with a name meaning "the house of the exalted head," was the Esagila. Originally a god of thunderstorms whose consort was Zarpanit, it was later claimed that An and Enlil transferred their powers to him. Later also known as Bel, he in fact had 50 names. He was given kingship over the universe and the other gods in the Enuma Elish for his defeat of both Kingu and Tiamat. FTP, name this chief Babylonian god. Answer: Marduk (accept Bel before it is mentioned) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Swarthmore A and South Carolina - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In punishment for making love in an area sacred to Zeus she and her husband are turned into lions. In one tradition she is the daughter of the Boeotian Schoeneus and in the other the daughter of the Arcadian Iasus. Cared for by a bear after being exposed as a child, her own son, Parthenopaeus, was one of the Seven Against Thebes. She is most associated with two men, one of whom gave her a prize which indirectly caused his death and the other of whom used three golden apples to win her in marriage. FTP, name this huntress who helped Meleager kill the Calydonian boar and who was beaten by Hippomenes in a footrace. Answer: Atalanta 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Swarthmore A and South Carolina - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This son of Buzi was a prophet who likened Jerusalem to dead wood. In his book, he condemns Sedecias and, at God's command, eats a book that tastes like honey. He lies on his left side for 390 days to symbolize the coming punishment for Judah and makes a model of Jerusalem and attacks it with an iron pan. He also described seeing beings with four faces and four wings in flying wheels. FTP, who is this Old Testament prophet who lived during the exile in Babylon and raised the dead, whose book of prophecy follows Lamentations and precedes Daniel. Answer: Ezekiel 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Swarthmore A and South Carolina - #22 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Originally called the Zadokites, this group formed around 100 BCE. They traced their origins back to the selection of the descendants of Zadok to act as trustees of the Temple in Jerusalem. Generally speaking, they were the most Hellenized portion of the Jewish population, and were on decent terms with the Romans. However, their end was directly due to the Roman destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, since their school was an incidental casualty. FTP, name this Jewish sect, most well known for their strict, legalistic interpretation of the law, and rejection of the concepts of resurrection and angels. Answer: Sadducees 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Swarthmore A and South Carolina - #24 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology They were governed by kings called "Suleyman" the last of whom built the pyramids. The highest one is Iblis who led a revolt in Heaven although King Solomon had a diamond ring that could control them. They were created from smokeless fire and were divided into categories such as si'la, ghul, and ifrit. Created 2000 years before Adam by Allah, FTP, what are these demons in Islam that can grant wishes and may live in magic lamps? Answer: Jinns or Djinns or Genie 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M and Florida B - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In one myth he created humans by pounding bones from the underworld into a meal and mixing it with blood from a wound in his penis. In another he burned himself to death after which his heart became the planet Venus and he became known as 'Lord of the Dawn." A bearer of culture, early missionaries believed he was actually the disciple Thomas. In the most famous myth about him he is exiled from Tula and departs on a raft of serpents after being tricked into committing incest by his enemy Tezcatlipoca. FTP, name this Aztec feathered-serpent god whom Hernando Cortes was mistaken for. Answer: Quetzalcoatl 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M and Florida B - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This religion was revived during the National Learning movement of the 18th and 19th centuries. Its cosmology posits a three-tiered universe that consists of "The Plain of High Heaven," "The Manifested World," and "The Netherworld." Although it has no sacred texts it highly values the 8th century histories Kojiki and Nihonshoki. Divided into Shrine, Sect, and New Sect varieties, its name literally means "way of the gods." FTP, name this religion centered on the worship of Kami, the indigenous religion of Japan Answer: Shinto or kami no michi or kannagara no michi 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA and Florida C - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The poet Stesichorus became blind after a writing a poem slandering her but was cured when he wrote a palinode of praise. One of her husbands, Deiphobus, was killed in front of her eyes and she was once kidnapped by Theseus and Pirithous, though her brothers rescued her. She was the subject of a famous rhetorical defense by Gorgias as well as the title character of a Euripides play which reveals that she was retained by Proteus in Egypt while a phantom took her place. Her daughter Hermione married Orestes and in some stories Nemesis is her mother. FTP, identify this daughter of Leda and wife of Menelaus whose abduction by Paris caused the Trojan War. Answer: Helen 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA and Florida C - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This school greatly influenced Geido and the aesthetic principles of shibui, yugen, and ma. One of its later developed sects, Obuku, appropriated from the Jodo school the invocation of the Amida or nembutsu. The Shobogenzo is a work attributed to Dogen the founder of the its Soto sect while its other sect, Rinzai, emphasizes the use of koans. Eschewing religious scriptures, it advocates a personal transmission of methods of illumination from master to student. FTP, identify this school of Mahayana Buddhism widespread in Japan and now often associated with Phil Jackson. Answer: Zen Buddhism 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA and Florida C - #24 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He gained followers by praising the concept of Asha, or order, thereby rejecting the state of Drug [DROOG], or confusion. These thoughts are expressed in his series of devotional poems, the Gathas, which were widely propagated by the priestly group that claimed him as one of them, the Magi. The Magi also spread his notions of the destroyer and creator deities, Angra Mainyu and Ahura Mazda. FTP, name this religious figure, whose teachings were adopted as the state religion of ancient Persia. Answer: Zarathustra or Zoroaster 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In one myth about him he is comforted by Thetis after being driven out of the land of Lycurgus of Thrace. Another tells of his kidnapping by pirates whom he turns into dolphins when they jump off the ship. He was cared for in his childhood by the nymphs of Nysa as well as his aunt Ino. He is often given as the father of Priapus and Deianira and his tutor was Silenus. Born from the thigh of Zeus after his mother, Semele, perished when she saw Zeus in his god-form, FTP, name this leader of the maenads and god of revelry and wine. Answer: Dionysus (accept Bacchus until Zeus is mentioned) 2004 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He was rebuffed by Cardinal Cajetan and goaded by the actions of Andrea Karlstadt into a disastrous debate with Johann Eck. He was then the subject of the bulls Exsurge Domine and Decet Romanum Pontificem. Those pitfalls may have caused him to write such pamphlets as Against the Heavenly Prophets and Against the Jews and Their Lies. He also wrote Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants to denounce their actions in the Peasant's War. Protected by Frederick III of Saxony after his condemnation at the Diet of Worms, FTP, who was this reformer who railed against indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses, thus catalyzing the Protestant Reformation? Answer: Martin Luther 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Yaphe - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology To honor Melicertes, this man founded the Isthmian games, which were haunted by a ghost known as the Taraxippus. The Taraxippus was actually the shade of this man's son, who was devoured by his own horses. This man branded the hooves of his cows to prove that they were being stolen by Autolycus, and according to some accounts, he avenged himself by seducing Autolycus's daughter Anticleia, so that he, not Laertes, was the father of Odysseus. Hermes was eventually sent to bring him forcibly to the underworld, and Ares had earlier visited his palace to free Hades, whom this man had tricked into handcuffing himself. FTP name this King of Corinth who was condemned to roll a boulder up a hill. Answer: Sisyphus 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A, NC State, and Florida B - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Orthodox Christian saint Josaphat was said to be one of these, and his name is a distortion of the word used to designate them. A 500-foot-tall statue is being built in Kushinagar in honor of one named Maitreya, who some believe will come after the teachings of Shakyamuni disappear. To become one, it is necessary to master the six perfections, after which you choose to be either one of these or an Arhat. Those such as the Avalokiteshvara and the 14th Dalai Lama who chose to stay behind and help others on their path to Nirvana are known by, FTP, what term used in Mahayana Buddhism that literally means "wise being?" Answer: Bodhisattva 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A, NC State, and Florida B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He hid in Franang's falls after fleeing a banquet where he used the phrases "a bench ornament in times of war" and "a pisspot" to describe a god of poetry and a god of the sea, respectively. In the guise of Thokk, he refused to shed a tear, dooming another god to the underworld. In a last-ditch effort to slow the work of a rime-giant, he took the form of a mare and coupled with the stallion Svadilfari. After eating the charred heart of Gullveig or Angrboda, he gave birth to Hel, the Midgard Serpent, and Fenrir. FTP, name this Norse trickster god of fire. Answer: Loki 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by FSU A, Michigan B, and South Carolina A - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Chinese myth, there were originally ten of these, but nine were shot down by the Divine Archer, Shen Yi. In Hindu myth, the young Hanuman saw it, thought it was a fruit, and tried to eat it. Visvakarma placed the god associated with it in his lathe and shaved off part of that god, then used the shavings to create Vishnu's discus and other weapons. Visvakarma did this because the god associated with it, Surya, was too bright. In Japanese myth, the goddess associated with it was washed out of the left eye of Izanagi. FTP, the Japanese goddess Amaterasu was associated with what luminous celestial body? Answer: sun 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Grinnell Lyon, Chicago E, UBC A, Florida A, and Penn - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Before rising to her most famous role, this woman bore a name meaning "Myrtle" which is now shared by the Women's Zionist Organization of America. The daughter of Abihail, she was a resident of Susan (SOO-Sahn), to which her family emigrated in the time of Jechonias. After winning a beauty contest prompted by the refusal of Vashti to appear naked before the king and his advisor, she became Queen to King Ahasuerus of Persia, in which capacity she warned the king of Haman's plot to kill her uncle Mordecai and the rest of the Jews. FTP name this title character of an apocryphal book of the Bible, whose story is read from her namesake Megillah on Purim Answer: Esther 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Grinnell Lyon, Chicago E, UBC A, Florida A, and Penn - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This character proved his mettle at an early age by taking up a toy sword against a stool covered with a lionskin. This early promise was borne out in this hero's later deeds, such as snapping the neck of Cercyon and crushing the skull of the Crommyonian Sow. In later life, he lost part of one buttock after a failed attempt to abduct Persephone for his friend Pirithous. He fed Sciron to a monstrous turtle, tied Sinis to some pine trees, and beheaded Procrustes while traveling to Athens to meet Aegeus. FTP, name this Greek hero who abandoned Ariadne after she helped him defeat the Minotaur. Answer: Theseus 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A, Williams A, Alfred, Southeastern, Carleton B, UTC B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The sect of Judaism known as Chasidism takes its name from one of the two groups commemorated on this holiday, although there is no direct connection. The other group was a nationalist organization lead by Matthias the Hasmonean and his son that mounted a revolution against the Seleucid King Antiochus IV, who had massacred Jews and desecrated the temple by sacrificing pigs. To avoid scrutiny by the Greek guards, the Jews hid their Torahs and pretended to be playing a game involving an object marked with the Hebrew letters Nun, Gimmel, Heh and Shin, a game still played today. With a name meaning "Rededication," FTP name this Jewish holiday that commemorates the rebellion of the Maccabees and the miraculous eight-day endurance of a small vial of oil. Answer: Chanukkah (Clear your throat, it's a guttural Ch, not an aspirated H) 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A, Williams A, Alfred, Southeastern, Carleton B, UTC B - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His twin brother was a god of lightning as well as a psychopomp, and guarded the sun during its nighttime journey through the underworld. In one story, he has sex with a female relative after getting drunk on four draughts of pulque. He recreated mankind at the beginning of the Fifth Sun by sprinkling blood from his penis over a bone taken from Mictlan with the help of his twin brother Xolotl [shoh-LOH-tull]. He committed suicide, or departed on a raft of snakes, after being shamed by his rival, Tezcatlipoca. Often identified with the morning star, FTP, name this benevolent Aztec god, known as the Feathered Serpent. Answer: Quetzalcoatl 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky C and Grinnell Vigeland and Northwestern B and UCLA novice - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The god Aker, guardian of the Double Horizon, took the form of two of these creatures back to back. Hera sent one as a punishment for the abduction of Chrysippus, and it made its home on Mount Phicium. The one sent by Hera was, according to Hesiod's Theogony, a daughter of Orthrus and Echidna, and was said to strangle travelers that failed its test. The Egyptian god Amun was sometimes depicted as a ram-headed variant of one of these creatures, but they were typically pictured with the face of a monarch and the body of a lion. In Greek myth, this creature committed suicide after hearing the correct response, "Man," from the son of Laius. FTP, name these creatures, one of which failed to stump Oedipus with its riddle. Answer: sphinxes 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky C and Grinnell Vigeland and Northwestern B and UCLA novice - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In the art of this religious tradition, the semicircle is a common motif representing the female reproductive cycle, which in this religion's mythology is akin to the solid matter that coalesced into a clot with a crust when the Great Mother created the Earth. Many of its followers wear a "tilaka," which is traditionally black for unmarried women but red for others. Alternate names for this religion include Sanatana and Vaidika. FTP name this henotheistic faith, whose followers are divided primarily between Vaishnavism and Shaivaism, whose deities include Kali, Ganesha, and Vishnu, which is the dominant religion of India. Answer: Hinduism 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Leo Wolpert - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Boas' "Laguna Myth," the "co'hona" of Acoma mythology is identified as one of these creatures. Yanomamo mythology tells of a pregnant woman being killed by one of these creatures after urinating on him. The fourth house of Xibalba is guarded by these creatures, and men crossed with them are depicted on the façade of the Olmec temple at La Venta. The Mayans called them Balam, and a horde of them devoured a race of giants at the behest of Tezcatlipoca, who often disguised himself as one. FTP identify this species of big cat native to Central America, the namesake of a luxury car company. Answer: Jaguars 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Leo Wolpert - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Some groups break these up into 30 equal parts known as "juz," in which one of them is assigned to each day of the lunar month. About a quarter of them are preceded by "fawatih," or detached letters whose purpose is obscure. The first and most important of them is the "fatiha," or "opening," which is used as a devotional prayer. Traditionally, each begins with either the word "Madaniya" or "Makkiyah," indicating its city of origin. The ninth is the only one which does not begin with the "basmala," but each of them consists of numbered "ayas" in prose. FTP, name this collection of 114 writings, which are revelations disclosed by Allah to Muhammad and constitute the chapters of the Qur'an. Answer: Suras 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by LSU, MIT, and UNC - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Japanese spirit known as the baku was thought to have the head of an elephant or this creature. In Arthurian legend, the Questing Beast was thought to have the haunches of this animal. In Hindu myth, the demon Hiranyasipu was killed by Vishnu's fourth avatar Narasinha, which had half of this creature's body. In Egyptian myth, Ptah's wife, who was frequently depicted with the head of this creature, was the fierce goddess Sekhmet. This animal was also thought to supply the body type for the manticore and the griffin. Heracles was frequently depicted wearing the pelt of, FTP, what sort of creature, which he had killed in Nemea? Answer: lion 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by LSU, MIT, and UNC - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to Zoroastrian legend, a garland of five of them surrounds the fire temple near the Caspian sea, while the one associated with Ishtar represents the movements of the planet Venus. The Jewish Revolutionary Simon ben Cosiba was called son of one of these by Rabbi Akiva, while along with a crescent one of these makes up the symbol of the Ottoman Empire. In Christianity the "Morning" one can refer to Jesus or more often Lucifer, while the six-pointed one of David is the most prominent symbol of Judaism. FTP name these celestial objects common in religious symbology, of which the sun is one. Answer: Stars 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Mongolian deity Aigiarm bet this against horses in wrestling contests and won ten thousand horses without ever losing. During peacetime, Math ap Mathonwy was required to put his feet in the lap of someone who possessed it. Islam's Houris can reclaim it at any time, while Hera bathes in Canathus to acquire it and Sita and Shakti are sometimes given this property under the title of "Kumari." Hypermnestra was the only Danaid to retain this, as a result of which she declined to kill Lynceus, and Rhea Silvia was a member of a Roman devotional order required to keep this and known as "Vestal." FTP, the Pleiades, Hestia, Artemis, and Athena zealously guarded their possession of what quality, also the source of an honorific given to St. Mary? Answer: virginity or maidenhood or other obvious equivalents 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan X - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god's eyes were the sun and the moon, and thus at the new moon he was blind. This caused problems at a battle where he started indiscriminately cutting off people's heads without knowing whose side they were on. This god's four sons were depicted on the lids of canopic jars, protecting the viscera after mummification. In one form, he was associated with the horizon, and syncretized with Ra as Ra-Harakhte. He engaged in a protracted struggle to avenge his father against his uncle, the evil god Set. FTP, name this Egyptian god of war often depicted as the falcon-headed son of Isis and Osiris. Answer: Horus or Heru 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan X - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Confederate General Longstreet did this after the war, which, along with his pro-Reconstruction politics, made enemies of many former comrades. Edward Gibbon was dissuaded from doing it as a young man, and since 1701 British monarchs have been prohibited by law from doing it. About 150,000 Americans do it every year, usually going through a process abbreviated RCIA. When Charles Kingsley criticized a prominent English figure for doing it, the response was the autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua. Knute Rockne, Queen Christina of Sweden and Cardinal Newman all committed, FTP, what action that generally involves ceasing to be a Protestant? Answer: becoming a Catholic or converting to Catholicism or other clear equivalents 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan X - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The tenth section of this work notes that "dead flies make the perfumer's ointment give off a foul odor" and that the "heart of the wise inclines to the right, but the heart of a fool to the left." The whole work is spoken in the first person until the end, when a third-person narrator says that the moral of the work is "Fear God and keep his commandments, for that is the whole duty of man." The narrator had tried both learning and hedonism and found them equally pointless, as he explains with such aphorisms as "the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong" and that "that which is done is that which shall be done, and there is no new thing under the sun." King Solomon of Israel is the supposed author of, FTP, what meditation on futility that follows Proverbs in the Old Testament and includes verses about there being a time for every purpose under heaven? Answer: Ecclesiastes or The Book of the Preacher or Qoheleth 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A, GWU, and Rose Hulman - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology While praying at the chapel of St. Damian's below his hometown, this man was instructed to repair that chapel, but his fundraising methods led the priest there to refuse his aid. Shortly after, while praying at Porziuncola, he was visited by Christ, from whom he requested a plenary indulgence for all that visited his chapel there. While in the company of Brother Leo in La Verna, he had a vision of the seraph followed shortly by reception of the stigmata. According to his biographer Thomas of Celano, he composed his "Canticle of the Sun" in a reed hut near his hometown shortly before traveling to Palestine, the protection of which is still charged to his order. FTP name this leader of the Minor Friars and friend to the animals, especially those in and around his hometown of Assisi. Answer: St. Francis of Assisi 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A, GWU, and Rose Hulman - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god was responsible for turning both the Teumessian vixen and the hound Laelaps to stone. In the Homeric Hymn to this figure, he is said to have fathered the Horae on Themis. He humbled Aphrodite by causing her to fall in love with Anchises, and adjudicated the dispute between Aphrodite and Persephone over Adonis. The old couple Baucis and Philemon showed hospitality to this god and one of his sons, who served as the messenger of the gods and carried the caduceus. FTP, name this Greek god who slept with Maia to produce Hermes, one of many extramarital affairs that angered his wife, Hera. Answer: Zeus 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers and CMU - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One man of this name blinded his daughter Arne after Poseidon impregnated her, and was killed by his grandsons, one of whom also bore this name, and another of whom was the father of the Boeotians. A more noted one is the father of Alycone, for whom he created the period of the halcyon days to prevent her offspring from being washed away to sea. Also responsible for creating a storm to defeat the Trojans in the Aeneid and later for acceding to Juno's request to prevent Aeneas from coming home, FTP, give the common name of these Thessalians, one of whom tried to help Odysseus by granting him favorable winds. Answer: Aeolus 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina A, Yale A, Grinnell Driscoll, Chicago D, and Florida D - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of this hero's rampages was stopped when a troop of topless women forced him to avert his eyes, which had seven pupils apiece. He stood alone against an invading army commanded by a queen noted for her friendly thighs while his countrymen suffered from a curse which made them feel the pangs of birth. He was doomed after breaking a geis by eating dog meat given to him by the Morrigan. He used the gae bolg to kill his friend Ferdiad and his son Connla despite the protests of his wife Emer. Known for defending Ulster during the Cattle Raid of Cooley, FTP name this Irish hero, born Setanta, who acquired a new name after killing the hound of Culainn. Answer: Cuchulainn (accept Setanta on early buzz) 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by South Carolina A, Yale A, Grinnell Driscoll, Chicago D, and Florida D - #23 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Vinegar Tasters is a painting that depicts the relationship between this religion and the others prevalent in its time. The three pure ones, known as great, upper, and jade, are said to be manifestations of its founder, while its followers view the year in three epochs, each with its own ruler that resides in the North Star. A prominent symbol in this faith is the octagram, each point of which represents one of the Eight Immortals who dwell in grottos in heaven. Although a god known as "The First Principle" is more commonly worshipped, the supreme god is Yu-Huang, the Jade Emperor. FTP name this religion, now followed more as a philosophy, which was founded by Lao Tzu. Answer: Daoism or Taoism 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M, Swarthmore, and Illinois B - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology When the king ordered Arioch to execute him, he ate vegetables and water for ten days to convince his supervisor Ashpenaz to allow him to forego eating royal food. He had several notable dreams, including one of four beasts coming up from the sea and a vision of a ram and goat. Taken from Judah in the deportation to Babylon in the third year of Jehoiakim's reign, he was renamed Belteshazzar and he assisted King Belshazzar by reading and interpreting the words Mene, Mene, Tekel, Parsin. Author of an Old Testament book found between Ezekiel and Hosea, FTP, name this biblical character who wrote about the fiery furnace and survived the lions' den. Answer: Daniel 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Texas A&M, Swarthmore, and Illinois B - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to Hesiod's Catalogues of Women, she had a granddaughter of the same name who became the the mother, by Zeus, of Graecus and Latinus. Her husband was warned against marrying her by his brother, who tricked Zeus into accepting bones and fat as his share of sacrifices. Her daughter took refuge on Mount Parnassus after floating for nine days in a chest or ark. This mother of Pyrrha was given a dowry and the gift of persuasion by Hermes before marrying Epimetheus. FTP, name this first mortal woman, fashioned from clay by Hephaestus, who unleashed a host of evils into the world by opening her box. Answer: Pandora 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA - #15 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He once kicked Yama to death, making everyone immortal for a time. He also beheaded his father-in-law Daksha, then gave him a goat's head. At the request of Bhagiratha, he agreed to break the fall of the goddess Ganga with his hair. His wife once saved him by strangling him after he caught the secretions of the serpent Vasuki during the churning of the oceans, turning his throat blue. Cursed by the sage Bhrigu to be worshipped in the form of the phallic lingam, FTP name this father of Ganesha and husband of Parvati, often called the destroyer. Answer: Shiva; or Siva 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UT-Austin, Chicago B, Yale B, Florida C, and Laurentian - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology After he defeated the Solymians by dropping boulders on them, he overcame a group of Carian pirates led by Cheimarrhus. After completing these missions, he killed an ambush group sent by a king of Lycia, who later gave his daughter Philonoe in marriage to this man. After this son of Glaucus of Corinth was falsely accused of trying to seduce Stheneboea or Anteia, he was sent on a mission to kill a daughter of Echidna. He was given the task because Proetus had asked Iobates to kill him, but he won through with the help of a piece of lead attached to a spear, and a flying mount. FTP, name this hero who killed the Chimera while riding on Pegasus. Answer: Bellerophon 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by UT-Austin, Chicago B, Yale B, Florida C, and Laurentian - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Chapter 20 of this book, the narrator removes his sandals and sackcloth "as a sign of portent against Egypt and Cush." In Chapter 23, the narrator compares the city of Tyre to a forgotten prostitute, while the book moves on to prophesy Hezekiah's defeat of Sennacherib and the end of the Babylonian captivity. Chapter 9 verse 6, which appears in Handel's Messiah, prophesies the birth of a child of the line of David who will be called "Everlasting Father" and "Prince of Peace." FTP, name this book of the Bible, a work in 66 chapters which was written by the first of the Major Prophets. Answer: the book of Isaiah 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt A, Georgia Tech A, and Tulsa - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He fought his first duel against an opponent whose heart was a sharp-edged, triangular stone. That opponent carried as his weapon a large hone, and was accompanied by Mist Calf, a man of clay nine leagues tall which pissed itself with fear at the approach of this god, then died quickly at the hands of this god's errand-boy Thialfi. He accepted Hrungnir's challenge after Hrungnir lost a horse-race to this god's father, who rode a stallion with eight legs. Stuck under Hrungnir's leg until he was free by his son Magni, FTP name this Norse god who killed Hrungnir with Mjolnir, his hammer. Answer: Thor 2005 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt A, Georgia Tech A, and Tulsa - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology An attempt to impose this religion in Armenia led to the battle of Avarayr. Much of its modern form developed thanks to the efforts of Kartir, the minister of cults under Shapur I. Shapur's predecessor Ardashir I had made it the state religion of the empire he founded, in a throwback to an earlier empire in the same region. The Vendidad requires extreme ritual purity including sky burial, although more traditional death lore involves a confrontation at the bridge of Cinvat (Chin-vat) and being hanged upon a tower after death to be eaten by birds. The Gathas are the only part of the Avesta written by this religion's eponymous founder. FTP identify this dualist religion of Ancient Persia that worships the god Ahura Mazda. Answer: Zoroastrianism (accept Mazdaism before eponymous founder). 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Scott Nelson believes that a Virginian prisoner was the basis for this legendary figure, but John Garst believes his basis originated at Oak Mountain in Leeds, Alabama. An eight-foot tall bronze statue of this legendary figure can be found in Memorial Park above Big Bend Tunnel, which was built in the 1870s as part of the C&O Railroad. He was capable of progressing more than 10 feet in a single day with a 14-pound hammer, but in his most famous contest, he used two 20-pound hammers. FTP, name this African-American mythical figure who died of a heart attack after successfully defeating a steam hammer in a race. Answer: John Henry 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Berkeley A - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His named his three daughters Jemimah, Keziah, and Keren-happuch, and lived long enough to see four generations of his descendants, according to the last chapter of his namesake book. Three of his friends are ordered by God to sacrifice seven bullocks and seven rams. Those friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, then give speeches to this resident of Uz, who had earlier stated "naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return." Another of his friends, Elihu [EL-uh-hyoo], says that suffering is the way God communicates with human beings, after which God appears in a storm theophany. FTP, name this faithful Biblical character who losses his wealth, health, and family because of a bet between God and Satan. Answer: Job 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A, Rochester A, and UGA C - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Depictions of this god with two hands are considered taboo, and he is generally shown with four. One of his hands is often turned toward the viewer in a gesture of blessing, while the others hold a whip, an axe, and a lotus flower, respectively. He is the lord of good fortune and the destroyer of obstacles, and his ample belly contains infinite universes. The first son of Shiva and Parvati, he is often seen riding on a mouse. He is always shown with a single intact tusk, representing his ability to overcome dualism. FTP, name this Hindu elephant god, the master of intellect and wisdom. Answer: Ganesha (accept Ganesa, Ganesh, or Ganapati) 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Drake A, MIT B, and Georgia Tech B - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His name derives from a word meaning "herdsman", and his body was buried after two turtle-doves flew down showing the process of burial. His eldest son built the first city mentioned in the Bible. The decline of his "firstlings of his flock and of the fat" led to his most famous act, and after his most famous act, he wore a sign of protection that promised that if he was killed, his death would be avenged sevenfold. FTP, name this first-born son of Adam and Eve who murdered his brother Abel. Answer: Cain 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harding A - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The people of Nauru believed it was formed from the smaller snail found by Areop Enap, and the Maori named it Marama. In Hawaii, it is represented by Kega and Uri, the two aspects of Hina. It is represented by Ilazki, whose name means "light of the dead", in the Basque pantheon, while Ix Chel and Ix Ch'up are the two aspects of the goddess of this entity in Mayan mythology. Called Mani by the Norse, it is rather mischievous, having stolen the children Hjuki and Bil. The Sumerian Nanna and his Akkadian counterpart Sin, the Shinto Tsuki-Yomi, the Greek Selene, and the Roman Luna are all deities of, FTP, which celestial body? Answer: moon 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harding A - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of his attendants was represented by an oxen, and another was the god of water, and represented by a snake. Vohu Manah and Haurvatat, together with Asha, Kshathra, Armaiti, and Ameretat, were called the Amesha Spentas, who opposed the Daevas. His father, Zurvan, was a deity of space, time, and fate, and his son, Atar, battled a dragon, Azhi Dahaka, that cut Zima in half with a saw. Called Ormazdh in the religion's contemporary form, it was Vohu Manah who appeared to a certain prophet near the Daitya River, invited him to come to heaven, and inspired him to compose the Gathas, part of the Avesta. FTP, name this god, the counterpart of Ahriman, the embodiment of good, and the supreme deity in Zoroastrianism. Answer: Ahura Mazda (accept Ormazdh before mentioned) 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B, Maryland B, and Oklahoma B - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His son lived in a silver-roofed hall with pillars of gold, which is known as Glitnir, and he himself lived in Breidablik. He was the possessor of a ship known as Hringhorni, and his wife, Nanna, threw herself on the ship's funeral pyre in an act of devotion. This titular character in a Matthew Arnold poem tells Hermod that he was tired of living in a strife-filled world, and Hermod traveled to Helheim to retrieve his soul, but failed. His mother Frigg failed to protect this figure from one item, which was thrown at him by his twin brother. FTP, name this son of Odin, the Norse god of beauty, who died from a mistletoe arrow. Answer: Balder 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois A and Florida A - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A favorite scene among classical vase painters was the rape of this woman at the temple of Athena by Oileus's son, the stepbrother of Medon. She was suited by Orthryoneus who had promised to rid Troy of the Greeks for her hand, but he was killed by Idomeneus. Instead, she was taken prisoner by a man who would father her twin sons, Teledamus and Pelops, though both she and her abductor would be murdered by his jealous wife, Clytemnestra. FTP, identify this lover of Agamemnon, a daughter of Priam who possessed the gift of prophecy. Answer: Cassandra 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Keller - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He was the original leader of the Wild Hunt, which rode around killing people annually from October 31st to April 30th. In one story, he disguised himself as a farm hand named Bolverk to gain access to a mead made from honey and the blood of Kvasir, the wisest of the Vanir. In another story, he participated in a question answering contest with the wise giant Vafthrudnir to learn of his fate. More famously, he gained wisdom by piercing himself with his spear Gugnir and hanging from Yggdrasil for nine days, and sacrificing one eye for a drink from Mimir's well. Also the possessor of the eight legged horse Sleipnir and the ravens Hugin and Munin, FTP name this deity destined to be eaten by Fenrir at Ragnarok, the chief god of the Norse pantheon. Answer: Odin [or Wotan; or Wodan] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Kentucky B, South Carolina A, and Dartmouth B - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to legend she was given in marriage to the man who could yoke a wild boar and a lion to his chariot and drive them around the race-course, which her future husband was able to do with the help of two gods he had befriended. It was apparently in between her betrothal and marriage that she refused to join her sisters Evadne and Amphinome dismember and boil her father Pelias despite being told by Medea that it would restore his youth, refusing to shed his blood even in such a cause and demonstrating the same sort of piety that she would later display towards her husband. FTP name this woman, who later would be returned to the Upper Air either by Persephone or Heracles when she took Artemis's bargain that if she voluntarily died for her husband Admetus he would be allowed to live. Answer: Alcestis 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #13 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In 1442, the Council of Florence ordered an end to this practice. Early Israelites performed this action at Gilgal, but Paul stated it was not necessary for converts. A Christian feast with this name occurs on January 1st, and Elijah is considered the patron of this act, which Joshua performed with rocks before entering the Promised Land. Abraham performed this act when he was ninety-nine, and Ishamel was thirteen when he completed this act, which is the age Muslims perform it. In Judaism, it is performed by a Mohel on the eighth day after birth in a rite known as a bris. FTP, name this religious ceremony involving the removal of foreskin. Answer: circumcision 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Aboriginal mythology, this role is fulfilled by Wurugag. In Sumerian myth, Adapa, the son of Ea, became this after refusing Anu's hospitality in heaven. The twin brother of Yami in Hindu myth, Yama, served as a judge of the dead after his stint in this position as well. In Norse myth, Ask became it after Odin, Ve and Vili provided him with wit, emotions, senses, speech and life. FTP, identify this role also held by Deucalion, a son of Prometheus, in Greek mythology and Adam in Western mythologies. Answer: First man (accept equivalents, prompt on "first human") 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Michigan A and Georgia A - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Among the episodes related in this book is the attack of Baasha upon his rival Asa, and the fortification of Rama that prevented anyone from going in or out. Baasha's line would be wiped out by a drunken officer, Zimri, who himself would be killed by the general Omri. Another episode tells about the campaign of Jehoshaphat against the Aramites despite the advice of the prophet Micaiah. The book ends with Ahaziah returning to the worship of Baal and incurring God's displeasure. A more famous episode involves the revolt of Adonijah against his father, an elderly David. Other important episodes discuss the son of Omri, the wicked king Ahab, and the deeds of Elijah against him. FTP, name this book of the Bible, that describes the split between Israel and Judah and the deeds of their earlier rulers. Answer: I Kings (prompt on Kings, do not prompt on II Kings) 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rochester B, Chicago B, UCLA B, and Yale B - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Scriptural evidence for this event includes a greeting by Gabriel in the Gospel of Luke, and a conversation between God and the serpent in the Book of Genesis. William of Ware and Duns Scotus defended this doctrine, the later of which used Anselm of Cantebury's principle, "potuit, decuit ergo fecit." Sixtus IV established December 8th as the date of the feast of this event, which was defined as dogma by the Ineffabilis Deus during the rule of Pius IX. FTP, name this Catholic doctrine that asserts Mary was preserved by God from the stain of original sin at the time of her conception of Jesus. Answer: Immaculate Conception 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick A - #13 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Section 8 states that the best of men is like water, and it opens by noting that only when one is free from desire can one understand the mystery. Its author mentions that when a country's relationship to the titular concept is good, the city economy will be focused on producing agriculture and transportation but not on weapons in the 46th part. A more famous comparison is that its subject is the center of a wheel that connects 30 spokes for it to function. Written during the 6th century BC, it focuses on mastering action through inaction, a concept known as wu wei. FTP, name this collection of 81 adages, which expresses the idea of the Taoist way, written by Lao Tzu. Answer: Tao Te Ching (accept equivalents such as The Way of Life, The Book of the Way, etc.) 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Mike Sorice - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Lesser stories of this person tell of his slaying of Morholt and of a castle alight with song which impurity prevented his entering. Sentenced to death, this hero escaped to the forest of Morrois and eventually fled to Bretony and married the White-Handed daughter of its duke. This knight was made to kill himself by a ship flying a black sail, though his fate was sealed by the carelessness of Brangaine, who allowed him to drink part of a love philter intended for his uncle, King Mark of Cornwall. FTP, name this Celtic hero best known for his tragic love for Iseult. Answer: Tristan [or Tristram or Tristrem] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of this figure's books contains chapters on "The Necessity of Knowing God in His Power" and "Exordium," and claims that "necessarily does not mean compulsorily." This person settled a dispute between counts in Mansfeld after writing On Christian Liberty, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and Small Catechism. This individual also responded to "The Diatribe Concerning Human Freedom" by Erasmus with The Bondage of the Will. This person condemned the Peasants Revolt, Jews, and Anabaptists, and gave the Augsburg Confession to Melanchthon after being banned following the Diet of Worms. FTP, name this Augustinian monk who posted 95 theses. Answer: Martin Luther 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He was cured of his ejaculation problem by Cephalus's wife Procris, and in gratitude gave her a gift Zeus had given his mother. He drove his brothers away after they all fell in love with the same boy, and gained the throne after his stepfather Asterius died. His son Androgeus once swept every event in the Panathenaic Games. He captured Megara with the help of Scylla and Athens with the help of plague and famine, receiving the parthenoi in tribute. He was boiled to death in the court of Cocalus after demanding the return of former chief architect Daedalus. Cuckolded by a bull, FTP, identify this father of Ariadne and Phaedra, wife of Pasiphae, and son of Europa. Answer: Minos 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The one of Bologna wrote down religious advice in a Treatise on the Seven Spiritual Weapons. The one of Ricci wore an iron chain against her skin that she used to chastise herself. The one of Sweden married a man named Eggert von Kurnen, and convinced him to pledge a vow of chastity. The one of Labouré created the Miraculous Medal after three visits by the apparition of the Virgin Mary. The one of Alexandria has a monastery in the Sinai Peninsula which was supposedly built on the former site of Moses' burning bush, and is the patron saint of potters and spinners. This is likely due to the story of the mechanism by which she was to be tortured by a Roman emperor after converting many members of his court. FTP, identify this woman who had to be beheaded after this wheel broke upon her touch. Answer: St. Catherine 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner and Brown - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Menstrauting women are exempt from this in the period that Ba'hai dedicates to it in March. George Whitfield's sermon, "The Almost Christian," argues that this practice, along with mortification, is essential to Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox Church dedicates four "seasons" to it, and Tertullian was the first Christian to advocate it as part of regular worship. The assassination of Gedalia is one day on which it is practiced in Judaism, while in Islam, it is interrupted by an itfar. Esther did it for several days prior to visiting Ahashverash, and a noted example of it ends with the Eid al-Fitr. FTP, name this religious practice observed during Yom Kippur and the daylight hours of Ramadan. Answer: fasting [accept obvious equivalents] 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Matt Weiner and Brown - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology His daughter is often called the namesake of Beirut, and his story inspired the Apostrophia aspect of a certain deity which was displayed in Athens. He was conceived because his grandmother Cenchreis or Orithyia was away at the festival of Demeter, which allowed his mother Smyrna to conspire with a nurse and deceive his father, also Smyrna's father and known as Cinyras or Thais, into an incestuous encounter. That mother later prayed to neither live nor die and was turned into a myrrh tree, from which he was born. After he died, that goddess sprinkled his blood with nectar, causing the anemone to be formed. One legend says that Calliope's ajudication of an ownership dispute over a chest containing this man led a vengeful claimant to cause the death of Orpheus. FTP, name this person killed by a wild boar, a very attractive youth and lover of Aphrodite. Answer: Adonis 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A, Florida Metropolitan A, and Andrew Yaphe - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Her sisters included the mother of the shepherd deity Aristaios and the ancestor of the Lapiths. The episode for which she is best known was initiated when a certain god mocked Eros, claiming that he was too tiny to be effective. In revenge, Eros shot a gold-tipped and a lead-tipped arrow, the latter of which struck this figure. In the end, this figure's father, Peneus, saved her from being captured by her pursuer by transforming her into a tree. FTP, name this nymph from Greek myth, who was turned into a laurel tree after being chased by Apollo. Answer: Daphne 2006 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A, Florida Metropolitan A, and Andrew Yaphe - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Adherents of this religion believe there are two kinds of energy in the universe: Jada for matter, and Chetana for life. Punya is acquired through good deeds, while pap results from bad deeds. It teaches that time is infinite but divided into cycles called Kalchakras, each with ascending and descending halves. During each half-cycle, 24 humans will achieve liberation, or moksha, and become Tirthankaras. The two principal sects, Digamabara and Svetambara, disagree on whether monks should wear clothes, but all adherents follow five guidelines, including not stealing, not lying, and extreme non-violence, or ahimsa, which sometimes leads to monks starving themselves to death. FTP name this ascetic religion whose community was founded by Mahavira. Answer: Jainism 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A myth about this figure earned Athena the cult title of Chalinitis in Corinth. Hesiod gives him the duty of bearing the thunderbolts for Zeus and suggests that his name resulted from his birth near Ocean, while his brother Chrysaor was named for his sword. He was captured in Pirene after his captor followed the advice of Polyeidos and received a dream from Athena. Charged by Iobates to complete several tasks, that captor used him in his battles with the Amazons and with the Chimaera. That hero, Bellerophon tamed this creature with a gift from Athena, a golden bridle, before failing in an attempt to reach Olympus himself. Born from the decapitated body of Medusa, this is, FTP, what mythological winged horse? Answer: Pegasus 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This book's introduction dedicates an "orderly account" to Theophilus and it contains a story in which a Pharisee is condemned for making the outside of his dishes clean but forgetting who has made the food. The parables of the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son appear only in this book and its second chapter contains the passage in which Mary lays Jesus in a manger "because there was no room for them in the inn," a locale not mentioned in Matthew's version of the nativity. Its author and namesake is traditionally taken to be the companion of Paul mentioned in Colossians 4:14, a doctor. FTP, name this third canonical gospel, coming after Mark and before John. Answer: The Gospel According to Luke 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Boston University and Georgia B - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In a Russian story, one of these creatures with three heads issued a test to Ivashko, so that he might earn the right to marry the maiden of the Golden Kingdom. In a Welsh tale, two of these, which were plaguing the kingdom of Llefelys, were buried after Lludd advised that they be stupefied with mead. A hero out to collect the apples of the Hesperides for Eurystheus, slew one of these creatures named Ladon. Near the well of Hvergelmir in Niflheim, one of these creatures named Nithogg gnaws on the root of Yggdrasil. FTP, identify these mythical creatures, which in China are associated with water, but typically breathe fire in Western folklore? Answer: dragons [or wyrms] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Boston University and Georgia B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Revelation, a figure "like the son of man" holds seven of these in his right hand while a double-edged sword slides out of his mouth. One of these objects in Kabbala contains three division of Hebrew letters and is known as the Sefer Yetzirah, and in the Druze faith, concepts like will and manifested will are symbolized by one colored white, blue, green, red, and yellow. In Genesis, God claimed that Abraham's children would be as numerous as these entities, and this object, along with a crescent, symbolizes Islam. FTP, name these objects that include a really bright one that showed the magi the location of Jesus, and the six-pointed one of David, a symbol of Judaism. Answer: stars 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and Vanderbilt A - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The unrelated Fast of Gedaliah takes place the day after this observance, which cannot fall on the first, fourth, or sixth day of the week. It features repetitions of the Amida prayer, as well as religious poems called piyyuttim, and some observers recite prayers near flowing water in a practice known as tashlikh. A trumpet made from a ram's horn, or shofar, is blown on this day, which begins the ten Days of Awe. Celebrated on the 1st and 2nd of Tishri, FTP, name this holiday featuring the phrase "Shana Tova" that marks the Jewish New Year. Answer: Rosh Hashanah 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and Vanderbilt A - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to one hymn, this being's counterpart Saltu was created from the dirt in her ruler's fingernails. In an earlier myth, the gala, a type of lamenting priest, was created in order to soothe this deity to save the world. In one popular myth, when she found her lover not mourning her death, but celebrating with prostitutes, she forced him, Tammuz, to take her place in the underworld for half of the year. The daughter of Anu, she becomes angered by Gilgamesh's refusal of her advances and sends the Bull of Heaven to Earth, where Enkidu slays it. Known as Inanna in Sumer, FTP, identify this Mesopotamian goddess of love and war. Answer: Ishtar [also accept Inanna before it is said; prompt on Astarte] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Carnegie Mellon - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In exile, he became king of the Enchilees on the Rhizon River. One of his children became the goddess Leukothea, after she leapt into the sea while fleeing her crazed husband Athamas. That same daughter nursed one of his grandsons after another daughter was immolated. His third daughter decapitated her own son in a maenadic frenzy. After his reign in Illyria, he and his wife Harmonia were changed into snakes to watch over their own tombs. Obeying the Pythia, he followed a cow to a spot where he founded a city, which he populated with the help of five Spartoi, born of the sown teeth of a serpent he had killed. Father of Ino, Semele, and Agave, this is, FTP, what founder of Thebes, who failed to find his sister Europa? Answer: Cadmus 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A, Drake A, UNC A - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Eumelos relates that this figure buried Neleus in a secret location, preventing even Nestor from knowing of it, and that his reign in Ephyra was preceded by that of Medea. According to Probus, he stole the horses of Diomedes from Herakles by pulling them backwards. In some traditions, this man, upon finding the body of Melikertes, initiated the Isthmian games, and in others, because Autolykos found him to be cleverer than himself, he was given a night with Antiklea, fathering Odysseus. He is best known for twice deceiving gods, when he tricked Thanatos into chains and when he charmed Persephone into letting him leave Tartaros. The son of Aeolus, FTP, identify this trickster condemned to eternally roll a boulder uphill, only to see it fall back down. Answer: Sisyphos 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Chicago A, Drake A, UNC A - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Believed to be the source for the Cambodian god Preas Prohm, this god once had his beard turned red by the powerful weapon of Jalamdhara and gave qualified immortality to Taraka. He was charmed by an arrow into screwing his daughter immediately after the birth of Kama. The temple at Pushkar is one of the few dedicated to this god, who sprouted a new head to look at Satarupa every time she moved. Born with a thousand thighs, heads, arms, and eyes as the being Purusha, he is attended by the swan Hamsa, and his wife is the goddess of learning Sarasvati. His masculine name is similar to the neuter word for the principle underlying the universe, as well as to the name of the highest caste. FTP, name this often four-headed and four-handed creator-god of Hinduism. Answer: Brahma 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Columbia and South Carolina - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Highly symmetric designs known as Veve are religious symbols used to represent worshiped figures in this religion, and uninitiated members of this religion are known as bossale. Some important entities of this religion are serpents known as Simbi and a forest element known as Grand Bois. Priests for hire in this religion are sometimes known as Bokor, and they can create a talisman known as an ouanga to house spirits. Priests of this faith are known as houngan, and it refers to its god as Bondye. FTP, name this religion whose spirits are known as loa and whose mythos involves zombies, predominantly found in West Africa and Haiti. Answer: Voodoo or Vodun 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Columbia and South Carolina - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Chibchas held that this, under the name Bochica, had civilized their people, though his wife tried to destroy them. In Incan myth, Cuzco was founded by this, which then provided eggs of gold, silver, and copper, from which were born kings, priests, and slaves. In Chinese myth, Ban Gu held it in his left hand, while in another story, the divine archer Shen Yi shot nine false ones. In Norse tradition, it will be devoured by the wolf Skoll, who has been pursuing it since his birth, at Ragnarok. In Greek mythology, Zeus killed Phaëthon because his inexperience driving its chariot began to scorch the earth. FTP, identify this object, also associated with Ra and Helios. Answer: Sun 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth B - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This person used the pseudonym Sophronius to defend himself from charges of Sabellianism. This thinker used Eusebius to write his own De viribus illustribus, into which he inserted his own biography. His diatribe-like responses on dogma are exemplified by Adversus Jovianum, in which he affirmed that abstinence excels marriage, though he often traveled with Paula. His discipleship under Gregory Nazianzus exposed him to the seminal thought of Origen. However, he is best known for rendering the Septuagint in Latin. FTP, name this patron saint of librarians and translators, who created the Vulgate edition of the Bible. Answer: St. Jerome [or Eusebius Hieronymus] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth B - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Zenodotos of Troezen credited him with one son, Aollios or Abillios, by Hersilia, who was herself later deified as Hora. In one story, he was born to a maidservant after Tarchetius discovered a great, divine phallus growing out of the ground, although Tarchetius ordered his murder by Taretius. According to another legend, after he was found at the Ruminal Fig Tree, he was suckled by Acca Larentia, the wife of his discoverer, Faestulus. He was identified with the god Quirinus and, with his brother, overthrew the usurper Amulius in favor of his grandfather Numitor. FTP, name this son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, brother of Remus, and founder of Rome. Answer: Romulus [do not accept Remus] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by ACF Editors and California-Irvine - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Buriat of Western Mongolia worship this creature as Buxa-Noyon, whom they say sided with the Red Army in World War II. Initiates in the cult of Kybele were expected to bathe in this animal's blood as it was sacrificed. Under the Ptolemaic dynasty, the cult of Serapis, a god appearing as this animal, was established in Alexandria after its cult statue was taken from Pontic Sinope. Also in Egypt, one of these animals was worshipped as a manifestation of Ptah and of Osiris in Memphis under the name Apis. Mithras created all living things when he sacrificed one of these creatures. FTP, what is this animal, one of which also served as the father of the famed Cretan Minotaur? Answer: Bull [also accept Ox] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by ACF Editors and California-Irvine - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology David E. Sleeper criticized Walter Wardwell's discussion of this religion's "personal meaning" by claiming that the article relied on secondary sources. Local congregations of this faith must follow guidelines set by the Manual of the Mother Church, and theological oddities of this group include the denial of the divine creation of matter and an obsession with obtaining the "mind of Christ." Anticipated by the writings of Phineas P. Quimby, its founder chartered the Massachusetts Metaphysical College to propagate the beliefs set forth in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. FTP, name this sect founded by Mary Baker Eddy, whose "reading rooms" and newspaper The Monitor have become minor cultural icons. Answer: Christian Science 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Aëdon, when attempting to slay one of her sons, accidentally murdered her own daughter, Itylus. In some accounts, this woman was the grandmother of Pero, Periclymenus, and Nestor through her daughter Meliboia, who took the name Chloris, meaning pale. Her husband was the twin brother of Zethus, Aëdon's husband, and was capable of moving rocks by playing his lyre, while she herself was born to around Mount Sipylus, where the Achelous river was formed from her tears. She is best known for the revenge that the Letoides carried out against her. FTP, name this woman, the wife of Amphion, whose children were killed by Artemis and Apollo when she declared herself greater than their mother, Leto. Answer: Niobe 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Florida State A - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Chapter 16 of this work mentions sending a goat into the wilderness to Azazel while discussing Yom Kippur. This book of the Bible ends with a discourse on religious vows and describes an incident in which Nadab and Abihu burned some incense with illicit fire. Named for the group that remained loyal to Moses during the Golden Calf incident, this work begins by describing types of sacrifices and includes laws concerning what is clean and unclean. FTP, name this third book of the Old Testament, which centers on the priestly code. Answer: Leviticus [or Vayikra] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A, Dartmouth A, and UNC B - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Egypt, this deity's cult was governed by Ptolemy II Philopator, who was said to be a follower. In 186 BCE, the cult of this deity was "discovered" in Rome amid scandal following testimony by Hispala and Aebutius, and then suppressed. This god was associated with many others, including the Phrygian Sabazios and Zagreus of the religion of Orpheus, who was said to have started his cult. In one myth, he turned a group of pirates who kidnapped him into dolphins, and he was known as twice-born as he was delivered from Zeus's thigh after that god had taken him from the burned corpse of his mother, Semele. FTP, name this god of wine and revelry, often known as Bacchus? Answer: Dionysus [accept Bacchus before it's mentioned; prompt on Liber] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A, Dartmouth A, and UNC B - #24 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Important texts in for initiates in this practice include "The Well-known Sorts of Knowledge." Central to this sect are Sirr, Qalb, Nafs, Ruh, Khafi and Akhfa, which are known as the Six Subtleties and relate to extra-sensory perception. Orders of them are named Chishti, Suhrawardi, Naqshbandi, and Shattari. Their name derives from their garments and roughly means wool-dressed. Perhaps their most famous members use motion to achieve states of divine trance and are known as whirling dervishes. FTP, name this branch of Muslim mystics. Answer: Sufism [prompt on Islam] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In a Celtic myth, one of these creatures was sucked whole into the mouth of Conall Cernach, despite the fact that it took 60 oxen to drag its carcass. According to Culwch and Olwen, King Arthur pursued one of these creatures, which had once been a knight. In Norse myth, one of these which glowed in the dark, was one of these constructed of gold by the sons of Ivaldi and was named Gillenbursti. Prominent examples from Greek myth include ones that terrorized Erymanthia and gored Adonis. FTP, what is this type of creature, the most famous mythic example of which was hunted by Peleus, Meleager, and Atalanta in Caledonia? Answer: boars [prompt on pigs or the like] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology She ate winter fruit during the summer because the mihrab of this daughter of 'Imran was divinely provisioned, as Zechariah found out when he went to check on her. Along with Fatima, Khadija, and Asya, she rules over the women in Heaven, which is fitting since she is the only woman mentioned in the Qur'an. Her mother Anna had consecrated her to God, who purified her, allowing her prophet son, who once denounced her detractors from the cradle, to avoid "the pricking of the devil" at birth - though Muslims obviously disagree with the Orthodox Christian conception of her as "Theotoktos," or "God-bearer." FTP, identify this woman who bore a son in Bethlehem without having known the touch of a man. Answer: the Virgin Mary [accept Mariyam al-'Athra] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Dasius Altinius, who betrayed the city of Arpi to Hannibal, claimed descent from this man. Following the blasphemous speech of Acmon, several of this man's companions were turned into "snowy swans." Kometes, the son of Sthenelos, took over this man's kingdom as part of a plot with his wife Aigialeia, prompting him to found a new city, Argyripa, in Italy. Like Sthenelos, he was a member of the Epigonoi's expedition against Thebes to avenge their fathers. During his aristeia in Book V of the Iliad, this son of Tydeus wounded both Aphrodite and Ares with the help of his patron, Athena. FTP, identify these great Greek hero, who shares his name with the Thracian owner of man-eating horses stolen by Hercules. Answer: Diomedes 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Vocabulary unique to this group includes their doctrines of "downpression" and "overstanding" as well as a mystical path to discerning the true meaning of poorly translated scriptures, called "I-and-I." Taking inspiration from the Kebra Negast and the Holy Piby, this group's sects include the Bobos and Twelve Tribes of Israel. Often scorning Babylonian tools, they follow the "conquering lion of the tribe of Judah," a descendent of King David, as Jah incarnate. FTP, name these people who deify Haile Selassie, the late emperor of Ethiopia, and are frequently dreadlocked, ceremonial ganja-smoking followers of a Jamaican religious movement. Answer: Rastafarians 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Trygve Meade - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of the visions recounted in this Biblical book is cited as the theological justification for Christians being allowed to eat non-kosher meat, and the Believers' Prayer is found in Chapter 4 as well as the story of Ananias and Sapphira. The deeds of Philip are recounted in Chapter 8, while Chapter 9 tells of the conversion of Saul. It ends with one of the title characters famously preaching in Rome. Focusing on the works of St. Peter and St. Paul, FTP, name this Biblical book directly after John and before Romans that tells of the deeds of a group of twelve followers of Jesus. Answer: The Acts of the Apostles 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Trygve Meade - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In his role as a creator, this god was connected with the construction goddess Sefkhet-Aabut, and he absorbed the role of the Theban god Khensu. As the ape-headed Aan, this god governed the equinoxes and cleansed the Eye of Ra. When Horus was stabbed by Aun-Ab, Isis summoned this god, a patron of magic and medicine, to heal him. At the judgment of the dead, he measured the deceased's heart against the feather of Maat, and he taught Isis, and later the pharaohs, the art of mummification. Associated in Hellenistic times with Hermes, FTP, this is what Egyptian deity, the inventor of writing and god of the moon, wisdom, and learning, often depicted with the head of an ibis? Answer: Thoth [or Thout or Tehuti or Djehuty] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He once won a fight with the god of death over who was to give water to Ajamila, and he towed a boat to Mount Himavan to save a man from a flood. He once stopped the demon Hiaranyaksha from pushing the world under the sea, and he will appear as a warrior riding a white horse at the end of the Kali Yuga. The goddess of Wealth lives in his torso, and his other consorts include the goddesses of earth and devotion, Bhuavevi and Neeladvi. Riding the son of Kashyap, the giant bird Garuda, this god has appeared as fish, a dwarf, or a man with an axe. FTP, name this Hindu preserver god who forms the trimurti with Brahma and Shiva and whose avatars include Rama and Krishna. Answer: Vishnu 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #24 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, this deity aids Leto in finding a location for the birth, but prevents Leto from delivering on an island in the Callimachean hymn. In keeping with a theme involving satyrs, Peisitaerus threatens her with rape in a play by Aristophanes. When the Olympians make binding oaths on the Styx, this goddess is responsible for bringing the holy water by which they swear. According to Hesiod, she is the daughter of Thaumas and the nymph Electra, and her sisters included the Harpies and her twin Arkhe, whose iridescent wings contrasted with her own golden pair. Often serving Hera and depicted with a caduceus, this is, FTP, what divine messenger and wife of Zephirus, the deification of the rainbow? Answer: Iris 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology After three days of plague, Gad instructed him to build an altar on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite to repent for commanding Joab to take a census of Israel, and Sheba was one of many who tried to overthrow him. A story of a rich man who stole a poor man's ewe lamb was used by Nathan to rebuke him for sending Uriah the Hittite into battle in order to obtain his wife Bathsheba, who bore his son Solomon. FTP, name this Israelite king whose best friend Jonathan was the son of his rival Saul, who wrote numerous Psalms and killed Goliath. Answer: David 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by Rutgers-New Brunswick - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In a story from Peru, this event is responsible for the blackening of the fox's tail and saw a llama urge his master to seek shelter at Villacoto. According to the Incas, it was followed by the Purunpacha, or "Time Without Kings", and saw the rise of Huathiacuri, whose father, Paricaca, was born from an egg located on a high mountaintop. In a disputed Nahuatl story, Nata and Nena were transformed into dogs for building fires, after Titlachahuan forewarned them of this event. In Greek myth, Deukalion was warned by his father Prometheus about one of these, while Utnapishtim a man made immortal after surviving one in Sumerian myth. FTP, name this common mythological motif, the most famous survivor of which is Noah. Answer: Flood or Deluge [accept equivalents] 2007 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The river Vón, whose name means "hope", was formed by the saliva of this divine being, all of whose children were born to Iarnvidia, who lives in the Iron Woods. One of his offspring constantly hunts Mani, while another seeks to devour Arvakr and Alsviðr. Those offspring are Mánagarm, or Hati, and Skoll respectively, who will devour the moon and sun at the onset of Ragnarok. Afterwards, on the field of Vigrid, this beast will be killed by Viðarr, who will avenge his swallowed father, Odin, by ripping its jaws apart. Currently bound by the enchanted fetters of Gleipnir, which cost Tyr his hand, this is, FTP, what large wolf of Norse myth, the son of the giantess Angerboða and Loki? Answer: Fenrir or Fenris Wolf or Fenrisúlfr 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One realm associated with this figure is generally believed to be the planet Jupiter, and was called Nibiru. His chariot was drawn by four horses named Trampler, Haste, Pitiless, and Killer, and this figure's father led Mummu by a nose-rope just before his birth. He built a palace called Esharra, and his weapons include the Abuba, Imhullu, and a net that Anu gave him. This figure killed Kingu, whose blood Ninhursag used to create the first human. His father is a water deity called Ea, and he earned the Tablets of Destiny after killing a dragon that represented the sea. For 10 points, name this patron god of Babylon, the slayer of Tiamat. Answer: Marduk [or Bel] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Andrew Hart - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This belief teaches that the Earth and moon split apart sometime after the creation, which occurred at least 76 trillion years ago, and it also asserts that Earth was once home to a supercontinent simply called "Asia." It holds that a passage in Ezekiel about a wheel "gleaming of beryl" is actually describing the "Mother Plane," a spaceship that cost fifteen billion dollars in gold to construct. This religion's creation story holds that 6,000 years ago, a scientist named Dr. Yakub grafted a light race into existence, and its theology also claims that God appeared in July 1930 to W. Fard Muhammad. For 10 points, name this offshoot of a major monotheistic religion, led by Louis Farrakhan. Answer: the Nation of Islam [or Ummah al-Islamu; prompt on NOI] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Brown - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Alopen wrote a series of these texts with titles like Cause, Effect, and Salvation that are collectively known as the "Lost" ones of Jesus. One of these texts claims that even four lines of it incorporated into one's sabhana will lead to blessing, and takes the form of a dialogue between Subhuti and another person. Another of these texts tells a story about a man who convinces his children to leave a burning house by bribing them with toys, illustrating upaya, or "expedient means," and claims that the Bodhisattva must strive for Buddhic wisdom. For 10 points, identify these religious texts, such as the Mahayana Diamond and Lotus ones, as well as the Kama one, a love manual. Answer: sutras 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Brown - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Pausanias claimed that this figure was raised by either Temenos or by the daughters of Asterion, and she was once seduced on the mountain of Thornax. She once sent a plague to ravage Aegina, after which the island's ants were turned into men. She also ordered Tethys to prevent Ursa Major and Minor from dropping below the horizon, as she held a grudge against Callisto. This cow-eyed deity also turned Lamia into a child-eating monster and ordered Argus to guard Io, and her children with her husband include Hebe and Ares. The peacock is sacred to, for 10 points, which daughter of Cronus and Rhea, the wife of Zeus and queen of the Greek gods? Answer: Hera [accept Juno until, say, "Greek"] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Langston - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of this figure's offspring attacked Leto or Artemis in Panopaeus, but was killed and sent to Tartarus, where snakes devoured his liver; that son of this deity was Tityus. Another of this deity's sons was conceived with Aether; Thaumas, Ceto, and Phorcys were among the sons of this goddess and that son Pontus. The dragon Campe guarded other offspring of this goddess in Tartarus, but this goddess's grandson later released those sons, the Hecatonchires and the Cyclopes. She created an adamantine sickle to aid her grandson in overthrowing her most famous son, Cronus. For 10 points, identify this daughter of Chaos and mother of the titans, the Greek goddess of the Earth. Answer: Gaia [accept Gaea or Gea] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Langston - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In one story, he made the bitter waters at Marah sweet by throwing in a tree that God showed to him. During one battle, the Amalekites were vulnerable as long as his hands remained in the air, prompting two other men to hold up his arms until the sun went down. At the request of God, he once cast his staff to the ground, causing it to become a snake, a feat later replicated by his older brother. The younger son of Amram and Jochebed and the brother of Miriam, he brought a variety of plagues on the land of Egypt to convince the pharaoh to release the Israelites. For 10 points, name this brother of Aaron who received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai. Answer: Moses [accept Moyses, Moshe, Musa, or some other things] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure's wife once sent a ring to his mother's handmaiden Fulla. Thor killed the dwarf Lit shortly after the giantess Hyrrokkin arrived to help with one of this god's possessions. He lived in the land of "fewest baneful runes," which is home to his hall Breidablik. He sent Draupnir back to Asgard with his brother Hermod, who'd been denied in his petition on this god's behalf by another god disguised as Thokk. This owner of Hringhorn, husband of Nanna, and father of Forseti was avenged by Vali after his death. For 10 points, identify this son of Odin and Frigg, who died after Loki tricked his blind brother Hoder into killing him with a mistletoe dart, the most beautiful of the Aesir. Answer: Baldur [or Balder] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Cornell - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Upon ascending to his highest office, he married Aseneth, the daughter of a priest of On. He gave his first son by Aseneth a name meaning "oblivion," while his nephews were given names like Belah, Ashbel, Gera, and Ehi to honor him. He planted a silver cup in one of his brothers' bags in order to test them; Judah would loyally demand that this man sacrifice him instead of Benjamin. He tricked his dying father into blessing his son Ephraim before his other son Manessah, and was appointed Viceroy of Egypt after advising the storage of grain based on his analysis of the Pharaoh's dream. For 10 points, name this first son of Rachel and Jacob who had a multicolored coat. Answer: Joseph [accept Yosef or Yusuf] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Ellis Davidson proposed that this character was in league with the Vanir because he also "knew the future well." A Norse kenning for "head" is "sword of [this man]," and a kenning for "sword" is "head of [this man]." His own sword was Hofund, and he has three nicknames that mean "Bent Stick," "Wind Shelter," and "Golden-Toothed." The nine daughters of Aegir may have been the nine mothers of this character, who fathered the progenitors of mankind and allegedly could hear grass grow. For 10 points, name this "white god," a member of the Aesir who will sound the Gjallerhorn at Ragnarok, and who guards the Bifrost bridge. Answer: Heimdallr 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The text "Transmissions of the Lamp" describes the lineages of this religion's followers. The "Wake-up" and "Bloodstream" sermons are attributed to one of its founders, who is said to have descended from the man who developed it after hearing the Flower Sermon. Its six patriarchs include Sengcan the author of the Plaform Sutra, Huineng, and it was brought to China by Bodhidharma. Two of its "five houses" include the Soto and the Rinzai, which differ on the way achieve satori, and it uses texts like The Gateless Gate and The Blue Cliff Record. For 10 points, identify this sect of Buddhism, which is noted for its use of koans and meditation. Answer: Zen Buddhism [accept Chan or Dhyana, prompt on "Buddhism"] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Dartmouth A - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Ojimbwe myth, the grandson of Nokomis, Manabohzo, successfully disguised himself as a rabbit in order to obtain this object from an old man and his daughter. In the Aeneid, Latinus seeks out an oracle after seeing a wreath made of it on the head of his daughter, Lavinia. In Hinduism, this is believed to have seven tongues and carry prayers and soma to heaven, and is personified by the messenger Agni. Temples to the Roman goddess Vesta featured virgin priestesses assigned to guard an eternal one. For 10 points, name this substance, which was stolen against the will of Zeus and given to man by Prometheus. Answer: fire (accept reasonable equivalents such as flame etc.) 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Eden Prairie High School - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A Mayan example of these ate the heads of the men that Hurakan destroyed and was known as Camulatz. A three-legged one in Asian myths was variously known as Samjoko or Yatagarasu. One of these was the counterpart of Behemoth and Leviathan called Ziz. An Egyptian example of them rested on the benben pillar, and another assisted Prince Zal with the birth of Rostam. In addition to the Bennu and the Simurgh, other examples include the elephant-eating Roc and a group of part-brass ones that were the target of Heracles' sixth labor, the Stymphalian ones. For 10 points, name these creatures whose other mythical exemplars include the phoenix and Raven. Answer: birds 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Eden Prairie High School - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This religion's scriptures include the four books of Athlyi, which form the Holy Piby, as well as The Promise Key. Its members reject "-isms" and use words such as livification, overstanding, and upfulness. Ingesting shellfish, pork, or alcohol is prohibited because they turn the temple of the body into a cemetery, according to its diet, called I-tal. Its holidays include "reasonings," and adherents are taught to reject "Babylon" and that corruption can be burned out of the heart by smoking ganja, or cannabis. For 10 points, name this religion whose prophets include Marcus Garvey, which believes that Jah, or God, took the form of Haile Selassie. Answer: Rastafari movement or Rastafarianism 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This text is often paired with the Testimonies of Three Witnesses and Eight Witnesses. One section of this work centers on a group of people whose rulers included Coriantumr and Jared. Its first section details a man who receives a "ball of curious workmanship" after he and his father receive the "Tree of Life" vision. In addition to the books of Ether and Nephi, it describes the colonization of the Americas by the descendents of Lehi, and it contains an account of Jesus Christ's visit to the Americas after his death and resurrection. Originally inscribed in "Reformed Egyptian" on gold plates and translated by Joseph Smith, for 10 points, name this founding text of a Utah-based religion. Answer: The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ [accept The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Georgia A - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology He was once attacked and wounded by Parasurama, and in his incarnation as Vighnaraja, he rides the naga king Shesha. Garuda was once tasked with reacquiring an item this figure lost after being gazed upon by Sani. He is often depicted riding on a mouse, and the goad he holds in his upper right hand is used to remove obstacles from mankind. One story claims this figure married two women after he beat his brother Karttikeya in a race around the world. He was supposedly born from the dirt his mother wiped off of her leg while she was trying to take a bath in privacy from her husband. For 10 points, name this son of Shiva and Parvati, a Hindu god with the head of an elephant. Answer: Lord Ganesha [accept Ganapati, Vinakaya, Lambodar, or Pillaiyar] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #13 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend relates that this figure was a king of Canaan inspired by a hermit to take up the occupation for which he was most famous. He was martyred during the persecutions of Decius, where he was decapitated and his large body was dragged through the streets, and in some stories he is described as a dog-headed cannibal. The most famous legend surrounding this figure centered on a child who turned his staff into a palm tree after this man helped him cross a raging stream. For 10 points, name this patron saint of travelers, who once carried a very heavy Christ child across a river, an act from which his name is derived. Answer: St. Christopher [or St. Christoforos] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard A - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The northlander Trendhorn got his eye put out by a chess piece when he was spying on this figure, while Fergus mac Roich was prevented by his geis from pursuing her. She was heard to cry out while still in her mother's womb, leading the druid Cathbad to prophesy that she would bring about the downfall of her house. Though she was the daughter of Feidlimid, the king decreed that she must be raised by Leabharcham, and she eventually fell in love with the brother of Ardan and Ainnle, Naoise mac Uisnech. For 10 points, identify this woman, who committed suicide after being recaptured by Conchobar mac Nessa, a Celtic figure whose beauty brought about much sadness. Answer: Dierdre of the Sorrows [or Derdriu] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Legendarily this first gained prominence when St. Dominic was told to spread it around Toulouse to combat the Albigensian heresy, a fact assumed by Supremi Apostolatus Officio and later encyclicals about it by Pope Leo XIII. It was first officially recognized by the Catholic Church in 1520 by Leo X, and in 2002, John Paul II added a fourth set of mysteries to this prayer, which had consisted of three sets of five each connected by the "Gloria Patri" and the "Pater Noster." For 10 points, name this Catholic prayer consisting of fifteen decades of Hail Marys counted on a chaplet, also known for its namesake beads. Answer: the rosary 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard B - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A text, supposedly by Robert of Torigny, tells of this character's "Rise," and notes that he once caused an embarrassing situation between Guenivere and Arthur when he pushed Arthur into the River Usk. This man accepts Gromer Somer Joure's challenge to figure out what women want in a story reminiscent of the Wife of Bath's Tale about his wedding to Dame Ragnelle. In another story, this character wears the symbol of a pentangle and rests at Lord Bertilak's castle, where his chastity is thrice tested, before setting out to bear the brunt of an axe-blow. For 10 points, name this knight of the Round Table, who got into a beheading contest with the Green Knight. Answer: Sir Gawaine [accept Gwalchmei; Gawan; Gauvan; or Walewein] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard C - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One story notes that this figure's lover had a sister named Belili, who heard this figure's lover lamenting, and spilled a handful of gems. This deity had a holy city at Erech, and was subjected to sixty diseases, after which she demanded the bag containing the waters of life from Asu-shu-namir. In one story, this personification of the planet Venus was forced to remove a piece of clothing as she passed through each of seven gates. She may have caused the death of her lover, Tammuz, and all sexuality on earth stopped when she descended to meet Ereshkigal. For 10 points, name this Babylonian goddess of war and love. Answer: Ishtar [or Inanna; or Astarte] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Harvard C - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of this religion's texts follows the seeker through places named for Search, Knowledge, and Wonderment, before arriving in the "Valley of True Poverty and Absolute Nothingness." Along with The Gems of Divine Mysteries, that work, The Seven Valleys, was written by this religion's founder. After the death of this religion's Guardian, its Hands of the Cause announced the election of its ruling body, the Universal House of Justice. Haifa is the site of the tomb of one of its holy men, the Báb. Its texts include the Most Holy Book and the Book of Certitude. For 10 points, name this religion, an offshoot of Shi'a Islam that venerates all major prophets and the Bahá'u'lláh. Answer: Bahá'í Faith [accept Baha'ism] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois B - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In Ephesus, this man enraged a mob of silversmiths by preaching against their idols of Artemis. Along with Barnabus, this man healed a disabled man in Lystra and was mistaken for a Greek deity, while his divinity was proven when he survived a snake bite while shipwrecked on the island of Malta. His assistants were Timothy and Titus, and he once sent the slave Onesimus to take a dispatch to Philemon. Along with Peter, he is the focus of the book of Acts, and he had a notable conversion experience when God revealed Jesus to him on the road to Damascus. For 10 points, identify this saint and Apostle who ministered to the Gentiles and who wrote a number of Epistles. Answer: Saint Paul the Apostle [or Saint Paul of Tarsus, prompt on Saul] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Illinois B - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure allegedly heard the cries of Stheno and Euryale and imitated them on a reed, thus inventing the flute. She sent a plague to strike the Locrians and sent the storm which killed Ajax the Lesser after he raped Cassandra in her temple, while Erichthonius was born after Hephaestus attempted to rape her. This goddess gave the gift of prophecy to Tiresias, who she had earlier blinded for seeing her naked. She turned Medusa into a Gorgon and, after losing a weaving contest, turned Arachne into a spider. For 10 points, identify this goddess of wisdom and daughter of Metis, born from the head of her father Zeus, who won a contest with Poseidon for control of her namesake city. Answer: Pallas Athena [accept either; accept Athene, Asana, or Cydonia] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri S&T and Dartmouth B - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Late in his life this figure traveled to Sardinia with either Aristaeus or Iolaus after a stay in Sicily, where he helped King Cocalus and his daughters murder a visiting king. The father of the healer Iapyx, this figure fled Athens after the Areopagus condemned him to death for the murder of his nephew Perdix. He once used honey and an ant to thread a seashell, and he gave Pasiphae the wooden cow she used to mate with a bull, after which he built a structure to house their child. While imprisoned at the top of a tower, this man escaped with his son after building a pair of wings. For 10 points, identify this Greek inventor, the builder of the Minotaur's Labyrinth and the father of Icarus. Answer: Daedalus [accept Daidalos; or Taitle] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri S&T and Dartmouth B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology When Jesus planned to return to Judea to visit Lazarus, this man persuaded the other apostles to go on the trip. This patron saint of architects has a feast day on July 3 which celebrates the transference of his body to Edessa in Mesopotamia. He was assured that Christ is the Way, the Truth, and the Life during the Last Supper, and late in his life he became the first Catholicos of the East while preaching in India. However, he earned his most famous nickname when he wanted to touch Christ's wounds for confirmation of his resurrection, after which he exclaimed, "My Lord and My God." For 10 points, name this apostle, best known for doubting the resurrection of Jesus. Answer: Thomas the Apostle [accept Doubting Thomas, Didymus Thomas, or Judas Thomas] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure once fended off an attack by the centaurs Hylaeus and Rhaecus, after which she was insulted by Eurypylus and Iphicles. This woman once made love in a temple of Cybele, which led to her and her husband being turned into lions. One of this figure's sons, a friend of Telephus, was one of the Seven against Thebes; that son was Parthenopaeus. When Althea's sisters attempted to take from her a fur she won for drawing first blood at a hunt, their nephew Meleager killed them. Later, this woman was distracted when Hippomenes threw three golden apples, causing her to lose a footrace. For 10 points, identify this only female Argonaut and hunter of the Calydonian Boar. Answer: Atalanta 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Missouri - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This belief's adherents trust that the third savior Saoshyant will bring about the "final renovation." Vishtaspa was the protector of their founder, who taught about the conflict between truth and lies, known as asha and druj. This religion's first man is Gayomart, and one sect of it believes in the timeless, apathetic god Zurvan. Hymns of this religion include the Gathas and the Yashts, which can be found in the Yasna. Parsi practitioners of it are placed in towers of silence when they die, and its sacred texts are found in the Zend-Avesta. For 10 points, name this faith that centers on the conflict between Ahriman and Ahura Mazda and was formed by a namesake Persian prophet. Answer: Zoroastrianism 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by MIT A - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure once launched Maricha across the ocean, after which he killed Subahu with his bow Kodanda in order to allow Vishwamitra to conduct a sacrifice. A son of Vali and Tara named Angada served as one of his messengers, and this figure befriended Guha, king of the Nishaadas. He forced his wife to climb a funeral pyre to test her purity, and after Kaikeyi got this figure banished, Bharata put his sandals at the foot of his throne. He helped recover the kingdom of Sugriva and was accompanied by his brother Lakshmana and the vanara Hanuman to fight the rakshasa king of Lanka, Ravana. For 10 points, identify this husband of Sita and seventh avatar of Vishnu, the subject of an epic by Valmiki. Answer: Ramachandra [accept Phrea Ream, Phra Ram, Phra Lam, or Rajah Bantugan] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Penn A and Louisiana-Lafayette - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure's sons include Falka, Benig, and another that is met when a son of Gjulki meets Hjaalprek (he-YOLL-prek). In that story, one of the boldest of this figure's sons, Grani, refuses to serve Gunnar, and another story claims that he created the canyon Asbyrgi. Said to have runes carved on his teeth, this character's birth follows from a bet for the Sun, the Moon, and the hand of Freya in which Blast claims he can fortify Asgard in a single winter. To do so, Blast enlists the aid of this character's father to carry bricks a long way in an instant, and Loki mates with that animal, resulting in this figure's birth. For 10 points, name this son of Svadilfari, the eight-legged mount of Odin. Answer: Sleipnir 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by Penn A and Louisiana-Lafayette - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Its name may be compared to the Arabic word "rawiyyah," and it repeatedly uses the term "hevel." In matters of friendship, this book claims that "a new friend is as a new wine: when it is old, thou shalt drink it with pleasure." Its closing section, "Advice for the Young," advises the reader to "Rejoice...in thy youth." Its author states that "the heart of the foolish is in the house of mirth," and notes that there is no new thing "under the sun." After the author introduces himself as Qoheleth and declares he is a son of David, he realizes that "Vanity of vanities...all is vanity." For 10 points, name this Old Testament book following Proverbs that claims "to everything there is a season." Answer: Book of Ecclesiastes [accept Qoheleth early; do not accept Ecclesiasticus; prompt on: the Preacher] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA A, Missouri State, and J.S. Reynolds - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure was a close analog of the wind god Ehecatl. Cihuacoatl aided him in grinding up the bones of older races to begin the fifth age of mankind, and this deity either disappeared on a raft of snakes or got exiled by his rival. He jumped onto a funeral pyre, causing his heart to become the morning star, after being tricked by Tezcatlipoca. Often conflated with the Mayan Kukulcan, this god's twin brother was the dog-headed skeletal psychopomp Xolotl (sho-LOT-tul), and he was the son of either Coatlicue by herself or Mixcoatl and Xochiquetzal (sho-chi-KET-zal). For 10 points, name this Atzec sky god, often depicted as a plumed serpent, not to be confused with Hernan Cortes. Answer: Quetzalcoatl [accept Quetzalcohuatl; don't accept "Quetzalcoatlus" because that's a pterosaur] 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD and Princeton A - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This tradition was reformed by King Josiah, and the Second-Temple era service focused on Psalms 113 through 118. Traditional songs associated with this observance include Adir Hu and Had Gadya. Upon reciting the acronym "D'tzach adash b'achav," wine is spilled. The Magid begins with a discussion of "the bread of affliction", and also includes the tale of the Four Sons and the Four Questions. Also including the breaking of the middle matzah and hiding of the afikoman, the story of the Exodus is told before the meal is eaten. For 10 points, name this traditional Passover meal. Answer: Passover Seder 2008 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD and Princeton A - #13 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This man's father-in-law Idas kidnapped Marpessa and killed Castor. According to some accounts, this man killed the centaurs Hylaeus and Rhaecus, and his father may have been the man to introduce viniculture to Aetolia, Oeneus. It was Oeneus's omission of the sacrifice to Artemis that led to this man's greatest feat. He killed his uncles Toxeus and Plexippus after they were angry that he gave a hunting prize to his love; this led to his own death when his mother, Althaea, then cast the log which kept him alive onto the fire. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who loved Atalanta and slew the animal which Artemis sent to ravage his kingdom, the Calydonian Boar. Answer: Meleager 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and UCLA A - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure reunites with her father, alternately called Schoeneus or Iasius, in between the two primary myths involving her. After taking an oath, this figure kills the lustful centaurs Rhoikos and Hylaois. Althaia kindles a brand after one man kills his uncles Toxeus and Plexippus for insulting this woman. As punishment for having sex in Cybele's temple, this woman is turned into a lion. This huntress was raised by a she-bear and first wounded the Calydonian Boar in one story, and in another, she is distracted by golden apples and loses a footrace to Hippomenes. For 10 points, name this Argonaut and Greek warrior woman. Answer: Atalanta 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Brandeis and UCLA A - #18 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Zohar cites Job 1:6 and Job 2:1 to establish a two-day framework for celebration of this holiday. The Talmud states that the prediction of one's losses during the next year occurs on this holiday, whose first afternoon includes the tashlikh, or recitation of prayer near flowing water. The “days of awe” precede this holiday, which is followed by the fast day of Gedalia. If this holiday lies on the Shabbat, the Shofar is not played, but gefilte fish, apples, and honey are served regardless. Occurring during Tishrei, the seventh month of the Jewish calendar, for 10 points, name this Jewish celebration of the New Year. Answer: Rosh Hashanah [prompt on “Jewish New Year” prior to mention] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Caltech and Dartmouth A - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god was the lover of Melaina and Corycia, the daughters of Cephissus, who was turned into a sea monster by this god. This god's lover Cyparissus asked that his tears fall forever in penance for killing a tame deer, a penance this god granted by turning Cyparissus into a cypress tree. This god served as shepherd for King Admetus for one year as punishment for avenging the death of his son Asclepius, but his less forgiving actions include flaying the satyr Marsyas. This lover of Hyacinthus exchanged several of his cattle with Hermes for the first tortoise-shell lyre. Also known for pursuing Daphne, for 10 points, name this Greek god of light, music, and the arts. Answer: Apollo 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Chattahoochee - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Two gods in this myth system slay a bisexual earth-monster that is some combination of fish, crocodile, and toad, after one god uses his right foot as bait. A dog-headed god in this mythology is associated with lightning, and 400 siblings in this system turn against their mother after she is impregnated by a ball of feathers, but are summarily destroyed after a fully-armed warrior springs from Coatlicue's womb. This mythology contains the child sacrifice-demanding rain god Tlaloc, and the “hummingbird of the left” war god Huitzilopochtli. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican myth system whose primary god is the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl. Answer: Aztec mythology [accept equivalents] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Chattahoochee - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This book describes a man who drops dead for withholding a portion of profit from a real estate sale. The story of Ananias is found in this book which describes how a meeting place shook after its participants were infused with the Holy Spirit. This book describes the resurrection of a dressmaker called Dorcas or Tabitha, and its fifteenth chapter describes prohibitions against eating bloody meat, idol worship, and fornication. This book contains the Apostolic Decree in addition to describing the stoning of Stephen and the appearance of “tongues of flame” over the title group. Paul is converted in, for 10 points, what Biblical book following the four gospels? Answer:  Acts of the Apostles  2009 ACF Fall - Packet by CMU and LASA A - #3 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This hero destroys a house with 150 women inside for their mutilation of Derbforgaill in one story. This figure is spared by Cú Roí in a beheading contest at Bricriu's feast, inspiring the tale of Gawain and the Green Knight. This figure kills Connla, his son by Aife, and he has an affair with the fairy Fand, sparking his wife Emer's jealousy. Originally known as Sétanta, this son of Lugh is trained by Scáthach but meets his demise after holding off Medb's army, years after he obtains the spear Gáe Bulg. For 10 points, name this hero of the Ulster Cycle of Irish myth who obtains his name by killing Culain's hound. Answer: Cú Chulainn [accept Sétanta until mentioned] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Duke A and Harvard Zhao - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One branch of this religion is derided as the “farmer” variety and places emphasis on the poem “The Harmony of Difference and Sameness.” In addition to the Soto sect, this religion's sect includes one which focuses on the makyo hallucinations experienced prior to kensho, which might be brought about with excerpts from the Blue Cliff Record. This religion was brought to China by Bodhidharma, focuses on inquiry into paradoxical koans, and teaches the use of personal experience to bring about satori, or enlightenment. For 10 points, name this kind of Buddhism popular in Japan. Answer: Zen Buddhism [or Chan; or Thiền; or Seon] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Duke A and Harvard Zhao - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Glaucus of Corinth was torn apart by his own horses as punishment for angering this deity. This figure baked two barley cakes for Charon for a trip to the underworld in an episode where she made he future daughter-in-law fetch wool from deadly golden sheep and sort piles of grains. This figure was unable to stop a boar from castrating and goring one of her lovers, who she shared with Persephone. This nominal wife of Hephaestus and lover of Adonis was born from foam after Uranus's castration and received Eris's Apple of Discord, leading Paris to abduct Helen. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of love. Answer: Aphrodite [do not prompt on or accept Venus] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Dunbar HS and Minnesota - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Atharvashirsha is recited either 108 or 1000 times in the honor of this figure on Sankashti Chaturthis. The "visarjan" or the immersion of his idols in water occurs on the 14th day of the month of Bhadrapada. Idols of this deity often include his vehicle, a mouse, at his feet. Vyasa dictated the Mahabharata to this figure, who is frequently worshiped before undertaking important tasks. He once received a mango of wisdom and the status of "elder" by defeating his brother Kartikeya in a race. This figure received his most famous aspect after interceding between his parents, Parvati and Shiva, the latter of whom decapitated him. For 10 points, identify this remover of obstacles, an elephant-headed Hindu deity. Answer: Ganesh [or Ganapati; or Vinayaka; or Lambodara; or Ekadanta] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Furman, Claremont A, Illinois A, and ULL A - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to religious literature, the official service during this holiday was prefaced by a seven-day sequestering in the Parhedrin Chamber. In orthodox circles, this holiday still includes the removal of the incense from the Holy of Holies and the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton. The Al Cheit, Ashamnu, and closing Ne'ilah prayers are unique to this holiday, which sees the recitation of the Kol Nidre prayer on its eve, the reading of the Book of Jonah, and Vidui, or the public confession of sins. Occurring eight days after Rosh Hashanah, for 10 points, name this Jewish Day of Atonement. Answer: Yom Kippur 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A and CWRU - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Al ha-Nissim addition is made to the hoda'ah benediction in the prayer service for this holiday, which includes the reading of Zechariah 2:14-4:7. The final moments of this holiday include the reading of the verse “This was the dedication of the altar” on its final day, which is known as Zot. The medieval German hymn Ma'oz Tzur is sung during this holiday, which sees the wide consumption of latkes. This holiday was borne from a struggle against Antiochus and included an incident in which a container of oil kept a menorah burning for eight days. Gelt is distributed and dreidel is played on, for 10 points, what winter Jewish holiday? Answer: Hanukkah [or Chanukah; prompt on Festival of Lights] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by OSU and Carleton A - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One incident related in this book is the death of Nadav and Avihu for filling their censures with “strange fire.” This book specifically prohibits sacrificing children to Moloch and distinguishes between “trespass-offerings,” “sin-offerings,” and “burnt-offerings.” Chapters 13 and 14 of this book discuss the affliction of tzaraath, and chapter 23 of this book specifies the allowed days for work on feasts and other holidays. Sections of this book discuss Yom Kippur and sexual misconduct, which includes a prohibition of bestiality and homosexual relations. Divided into a Priestly Code and Holiness Code, for 10 points, name this third book of the Torah. Answer: Book of Leviticus [or Vayikra]  2009 ACF Fall - Packet by OSU and Carleton A - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology At birth, this figure was surrounded by a cluster of women, who cried as if he were still-born. This figure fathered Nebrophonus and Euneus after impregnating Hypsipyle, the queen of the foul-smelling ladies of Lesbos. After helping Hera cross the Anauros, this figure lost a sandal, fulfilling a prophecy that resulted in him killing harpies that bothered Phineus, crossing the Sympeglades, and arriving in Colchis. King Aeetus asked this figure to sow the teeth of the Sleepless Dragon, who he was able to pass thanks to Medea's help. For 10 points, name this leader of the Argonauts, a Greek hero who recovered the Golden Fleece. Answer: Jason [or Yason; or Easun; do not accept Aeson] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #6 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In the book named for this figure, Gabriel announces that four sovereigns of a certain empire would appear prior to Alexander the Great. This figure makes a dragon explode by feeding it barley cakes after scattering ashes to prove that 70 priests and their families ate the offerings allotted for Bel. This figure compares the destruction of a clay and iron statue by a rock to the inevitable fall of empires. This figure also explains the writing of the wall at Belshazzar's feast and survives a stay in the den of lions. For 10 points, name this Old Testament figure who divined some dreams. Answer: Daniel 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The image of this figure on his mount is associated with three interlocking triangles, the Valknut. This god worked for Baugi and seduced Gunnlod to obtain a substance made from Kvasir's blood. Along with Vili and Ve, this god was the son of Borr and Bestla. This god's possessions include the throne Hlidskjalf and the ring Draupnir. This god receives half of the Einherjar in Valhalla, where they are served by his Valkyrie messengers. After making a trip to Mimir's Well, this god lost one eye. Huginn and Muninn are ravens loyal to, for 10 points, what chief Norse deity? Answer: Odin [or Woden; or Wotan; or anything like that] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Rice and Michigan - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Voluspa states that this figure and his wife lie “under a grove of hot springs,” and later refers to him as the brother of Byleist. This figure killed a man in the form of an otter, paying the weregild for that death with gold stolen from Andvari.  This killer of Fimafeng was punished with the death of his son Narfi, whose entrails were used to bind him to a tree.  This god writhes in agony as a snake drips venom on his face, which occurs whenever Sigyn has to empty the poison bowl. This god arms Hoder with a sharpened sprig of mistletoe, which is used to kill Balder. The father of Hel, for 10 points, name this trickster god of Norse mythology. Answer: Loki  2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Honey-colored saffron clothes were worn by girls dressed as arktoi in the Brauronia, which was a celebration of this deity. This deity ran between Otus and Ephialtes, causing them to kill each other, and in another story, she substituted a deer for Iphigenia in the altar of sacrifice. King Oeneus forgot to worship this goddess, who angrily sent the Calydonian boar to ravage the land. After one of her attendants fathered Arcas, she transformed Callisto into a bear, but her most vengeful act was slaughtering the children of Niobe, who insulted her mother Leto. For 10 points, name this sister of Apollo and goddess of the hunt. Answer: Artemis 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Princeton A and Cornell - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One episode in this book is a mass circumcision at Gibeath-Haaraloth, which becomes known as the “hill of foreskins.” One army in this book suffers a defeat at the city of Ai, which leads to the stoning of Achan for his covetousness. In this book, a coalition led by Adoni-Zedek later attacks Gibeon, and in one of the first conquests in this book, the harlot Rahab assists the Israelite army by harboring spies sent to her city. That act allowed the title character's army to march around Jericho and bring down its walls on the seventh day. For 10 points, identify this book of the Old Testament that details the Israelite conquest of Canaan following the death of Moses. Answer: The Book of Joshua [or Sefer Y'hoshua] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by St Anselm’s HS and Truman State A - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to scripture, the rituals of this observance chain up the demons of hell and require niyyah, or intention. The extra Tarawih prayers are performed during the nights of this holiday, which is bounded by the Suhoor and the iftar. The Laylat al-Qadr, or Night of Power, occurred during the final ten days of this holiday, whose end is traditionally celebrated just prior to the month of Shawwal with the Eid al-Fitr meal. Mandated by the pillar of Sawm, for 10 points, name this holiday of the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which involves day-long fasting. Answer: Ramadan [or Ramazan; accept vowel omissions and also accept Eid al-Fitr on the first clue] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by St Anselm’s HS and Truman State A - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One of this woman's sons married Callirhoe and fathered the shepherd Geryon. Droplets of this figure's blood created the poisonous Saharan vipers and the corals of the Red Sea. This “fair-cheeked” sister of Stheno and Euryale was raped by Poseidon in the temple of a certain goddess. After this figure's death, Pegasus came into being and her head was mounted onto the aegis by Athena. This mortal figure was beheaded by a hero who was given a helmet of invisibility and winged sandals. For 10 points, name this Gorgon slaughtered by Perseus, whose gaze turned people to stone. Answer: Medusa 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Washington A and South Carolina - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god's wife is the mother of the snowshoe god Ullr. In one story, this god prevents the marriage of his daughter Thrudd by posing a series of riddles to the dwarf Alvis. This god's servant Thialfi loses a footrace to Thought in the land of Utgard Loki. This god dresses up as Freya to retrieve an object stolen from him by Thrym. The sons of Ivaldi make golden hair to replace the lock stolen from this god's wife Sif. This god's chariot is pulled by a pair of goats, and he will take nine steps after killing but being poisoned by the Midgard Serpent at Ragnarok. For 10 points, name this Norse wielder of the hammer Mjollnir, the god of thunder. Answer: Thor 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA B - #8 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Retrospection and Introspection, No and Yes, and Unity of Good are three of the Prose Works authored by the founder of this religion. This religion fosters a discussion of 26 set topics twice each on every Sunday during the Lesson-Sermon, and its services are conducted by Readers. The literature of this religion is distributed in its namesake “Reading Rooms,” which publisher Virginia Harris helped popularize. Augusta Stetson was excommunicated by its Mother Church, which is in Boston. For 10 points, name this Christian denomination whose namesake discipline is laid out along with “Health with Key to the Scriptures,” founded by Mary Baker Eddy. Answer:  Christian Science [or Church of Christ, Scientist] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by UCLA B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One animal of this type was slaughtered in the same town as Cteatus and Eurytus, a pair of Siamese twins who attacked the slayer of that animal near Cleonae. The slayer of that creature of this type was received by Molorchus and had 30 days to kill it. That creature of this kind was thought to have fallen from the moon after being born from Selene or alternately the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. Impervious to arrows, one of these animals was stunned by a club and had his pelt worn by its slayer after Eurystheus acknowledged the deed. For 10 points, name this kind of animal, whose Nemean variety was killed by Hercules on his first labor. Answer:  lion 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt, Brown A, and Iowa - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Leo Strauss wrote a book on this thinker's “critique of religion,” while Lewis Feuer wrote on this man “and the rise of liberalism.” He wrote a Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect and he argued that Ezra, not Moses, was the primary author of the Pentateuch in his Theological-Political Treatise. Another work contains a section entitled “Of Human Bondage,” and decries the anthropomorphizing of God after proving through a series of propositions that God is the only substance in the universe. For 10 points, name this pantheist philosopher who wrote Ethics. Answer: Baruch Spinoza [or Benedictus de Spinoza] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt, Brown A, and Iowa - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology “Desirable Dominion” and “Good Purpose” are names of two divinities in this religion, whose adherents cross the Chinvat bridge after death. Members of one sect of this religion bury themselves and are eaten as carrion in “towers of silence,” and practitioners of this religion pray in fire temples and revere the Amesha Spentas. The holy book of this religion includes the Vendidad, Yashts, and Yasna, and details the conflict between Ahriman and good. For 10 points, name this religion whose holy book is the Avesta and whose primary god is Ahura Mazda, a religion from Iran. Answer: Zoroastrianism [accept Amesha Spentas before “this religion”] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Vanderbilt, Brown A, and Iowa - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One animal of this type was given to Procris after she cured Midas's curse, but was turned to stone along with the Teumessian fox by Zeus. Four to six heads of this animal are attached to Scylla's waist, and one of them dies after being the first to see Odysseus on Ithaca. In addition to Laelaps, a two-headed Erytheian type of this animal belonged to Eurytion and protected the red cattle of Geryon. That animal, Orthrus, was the brother of another of these animals that frightens Eurystheus when Hercules brings him out of Hades on a labor. For 10 points, name this animal, examples of which are Sirius and the three-headed Cerberus. Answer: dogs [or hounds; or other synonyms; accept wolf on the first clue] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Northwestern A - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The completely black bull Mnewis was regarded as an aspect of this god, who was served by the deity Mehen, and this god is the principal offspring of the ocean goddess Nu. This figure's children represent dryness and moisture, and his ba was the Bennu bird. He saved mankind from annihilation by creating 7000 jugs of beer mixed with pomegranate juice to distract the bloodthirsty Sekhmet. Syncretized with Horakhty, this god was the grandfather of Geb and Nut and father of Shu and Tefnut, and he staves off Apep every day while riding his barge. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god often combined with Atum and Amun, the chief solar deity. Answer:   Ra [or Re; accept anything that sounds like “rah” or “ray”] 2009 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Northwestern A - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The jurist Bernardo di Quintavalle was the first to accompany this man, who impressed Melek el-Kamel by triumphing over the sultan's Muslim scholars in a trial by fire. This man was able to pacify the Wolf of Gubbio, and suffered a major illness in between campaigns set at Puglia and Perugia. Tommaso de Celano wrote the biography of this figure, who was gifted the mountain La Verna and was the subject of several Fioretti. This saint created an order containing the Poor Clares after he received the stigmata during a vision about the Feast of the Cross. For 10 points, name this patron saint of animals, an Italian saint from Assisi. Answer: Saint Francis of Assisi 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Bellarmine and UCLA - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A chryselephantine statue of this deity had her holding a pomegranate and a scepter with a cuckoo on it and was found at Argos. Another temple to this Greek goddess lay in Paestum, Italy. This patron deity of Samos was often symbolized by the peacock and the cow. One of this goddess's daughters was replaced by Ganymede as cupbearer to the gods and was named Hebe. Hephaestus fell for a whole day after this figure threw him off Mount Olympus. She tried to get back at her husband through his illegitimate offspring like Apollo, Dionysus, and Hercules. For 10 points, name this Greek analogue of Juno, the wife of Zeus. Answer: Hera [accept Juno until "Greek"] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Chipola - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One early leader of this religion, who gave the "Salt Sermon," was Sidney Rigdon. Males in this religion can enter the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods. One book sacred to this religion contains the vision of the Tree of Life and an account of the wars between the Lamanites and the Nephites. Members of this religion were driven out of Nauvoo, Illinois. Its founder was told by the angel Moroni where to find the gold plates that he translated into their namesake book. For 10 points, name this religion whose early leaders include Brigham Young and Joseph Smith, many of whom currently live in Utah. Answer: Mormonism [or The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Chipola - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god put Delphinus in the stars after the latter helped him court his wife. He and Apollo were forced to build the walls of Troy for King Laodemon after attempting to overthrow Zeus. In another story, this god fathered Despoena and Arion when he seduced Demeter in the form of a stallion, and his wife transformed Scylla into a barking monster after Scylla had an affair with this figure. He lost a contest to Athena when she gave Cecrops an olive branch, thus giving her patronage of Athens. Out of wedlock, he was the father of the Cyclops Polyphemus, and with his wife Amphitrite, he fathered Triton. For 10 points, name this trident-wielding Greek god of the sea. Answer: Poseidon 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Claremont and Michigan - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology In one story this creature holds up the sky by leaning on a rock after switching places with a rabbit that promised to bring back a stick but never returned. In one myth, this figure tells two ducks to dive down and creates earth from the mud one of them brought back. This creature also ruins the practice of returning things from the dead after embracing his wife one day too early. According to various myths, this figure founded the earth with his brother Cirape, or with Puma. A Nez Perce tale tells the story of this figure and the Shadow People. For 10 points, name this analogue of Raven, a canine Native American trickster god. Answer: Coyote [or Ola'li or Sedit or Ueuecoyotl] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Claremont and Michigan - #16 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This man's wife circumcised his first son during a stay at an inn; that son was Gershom. This man had a speech impediment from a time he put a hot coal to his mouth instead of a piece of gold. He was punished with premature death after striking a rock for water. This figure's wife was one of seven sisters who met him at a well in Midian; that wife was Zipporah, the son of Jethro. His sister was Miriam, and his brother, the high priest Aaron, led this man's people in making a golden calf while he was away. For 10 points, name this Biblical figure who received the Ten Commandments on Mt. Sinai and parted the Red Sea as leader of the Jews during the Exodus. Answer: Moses [or Moshe] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Dorman and Arizona State F - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology A hymn to this figure, "Ut queant laxis," gave rise to the solfège syllables. According to Luke, this figure's mother was "of the daughters of Aaron" and either cousin or aunt to Mary. That woman, Elizabeth, was the wife of this figure's father, the priest Zechariah. This figure called himself "the voice of one crying out in the wilderness", and said of Jesus, "I knew him not", and he also called Jesus the lamb of God. At the bidding of her mother Herodias, Salome asked for this figure's head on a dish, and Herod Antipas obliged. Sometimes called "the Precursor", for 10 points, name this man who got his epithet from ritually bathing people in the Jordan River, including Jesus Christ. Answer: John the Baptist [or Yo-khanan ha-matbil] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Extras - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One division in this group occurred over whether intellect and consensus can supplement scripture in divine law. That argument between the Usulis and the Akhbaris occurred in a sect of this distinct from that which included the Qarmatians and the Assassins, and from which the Druze split off, the Ismailis. This religious group commemorates the defeat at the Battle of Karbala on the tenth of Muharram, known as Ashura. One sect of this belief system is known as the Twelvers, after the number of imams its adherents accept. For 10 points, name this religious system which supports Ali as the divinely chosen successor of Muhammad, a major branch of Islam along with Sunnism. Answer: Shi'a Islam [or Shi'ism; accept Twelvers, or Imami Shi'ism, or Ithna'ashariyyah until "distinct"; prompt on "Islam" until "Karbala"] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Lisle and Maryland B - #11 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One early extension of these texts includes the Panchavimsha. Each of these texts contains a set of doctrines meant to be studied in a deserted forest, known as the "Book of the Wilderness." The "going of the cows" ceremony is described in the aforementioned extension of these. Each of them is broken up into a collection of hymns, a Samhita; and exegetical sections including the Brahmana. This set of works is grouped into the "threefold knowledge" and the last part, the Atharva one. The main portion of these texts is extended in the Upanishads. For 10 points, name these Sanskrit texts which serve as the foundation for Hindu doctrine, the oldest of which is the Rig. Answer: Vedas 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to Ovid, this Roman deity was conceived by Juno and a fertile flower. The Pantheon was located in a field named for this deity. This figure was originally an agricultural god, before that role was transferred to Ceres. In early times, this god was part of a triad worshipped by priests called Salii with Jupiter and Quirinus, and he later received the epithet "Ultor," or "the Avenger." This god raped the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia, who gave birth to Romulus and Remus. In one story, this deity was caught in a trap laid by Vulcan having an affair with the latter's wife, Venus. For 10 points, name this Roman war god, the equivalent of the Greek Ares. Answer: Mars [do not accept "Ares"] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Maryland A - #19 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This work distinguishes between a substance and a subsistence, saying that the human soul is the latter because it is incomplete without a body. This work's author rejects the Pluralist argument in saying that humans are uniquely rational beings, while angels and God are intelligent but not rational. Uncompleted at its author's death, this work's Supplement was taken from parts of its author's commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. This work contains arguments from motion, efficient causes, possibility and necessity, gradation of being, and design, the so-called quinque viae, or Five Ways to prove God's existence. For 10 points, name this magnum opus of Thomas Aquinas. Answer: Summa Theologiae [or Summa Theologica] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Northwestern and Cornell - #1 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One version of this religion imagined the Plain of High Heaven where deities lived, while another included the "Perpetual Country" beyond the seas. Inner sanctuaries in this religion often feature carefully wrapped mirrors representing deities. In this religion's creation story, a husband and wife created land from drops off a jewel-encrusted spear used to stir brine. Coming in Folk, Sect, and Shrine varieties, this religion's shrines have gateways called torii. Believers worship over 800 natural spirits called kami. The Grass-Cutting Sword and the goddess Amaterasu come from, for 10 points, the myth of what indigenous religion of Japan? Answer: Shintoism [or kami-no-michi] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Northwestern and Cornell - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This god fathered Magni by the giantess Jarnsaxa. This god threatened to kill Loki after he had cut off the hair of this god's wife. His chariot is pulled by Tanngnjost and Tanngrisni, two goats, and he lives in Bilskirnir. In Jotunheim, this man was challenged, and failed, to lift the cat of the king of the Frost Giants, Utgard-Loki. He reduced the giant Hrungnir to rubble. At Ragnarok, this figure and Jormungandr, the Midgard Serpent, will kill each other. On one occasion, this god dressed up as Freya and killed Thrym, who had stolen his prized possession. The husband of Sif, for 10 points, name this owner of the hammer Mjollnir, the Norse god of thunder. Answer: Thor 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Ohio State - #4 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One figure sometimes included in this group killed the demon Asuradhenuka. The fifth of these was a dwarf who defeated Bali, while the first was a fish who warned Manu, the first human, of an impending flood. Besides Vamana and Matsya, one of these figures killed Kartavirya Arjuna and his family, and takes the form of a later one wielding an axe. Buddha is usually said to be the ninth of these, while the last one will appear on a white horse at the end of the world and is named Kalki. They include the speaker of the Bhagavad-Gita, Krishna, and the hero of a namesake epic, Rama. For 10 points, name these ten figures, earthly reincarnations of the Hindu preserver god. Answer: avatars of Vishnu 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Oxford - #7 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology According to the Tummal Inscription, this man and his son restored the temple district of Nippur. He defeated a siege launched by Agga of Kish. Eventually, he managed to go past Mount Mashu to a garden full of jewels and eventually sought the advice of the alewife Siduri. This man was the father of Urlugal and the son of Ninsun and Lugulbanda. He gained his best friend after that friend had a week's worth of sex with Shamhat. He sought immortality from Utnapishtim after he and the aforementioned friend defeated Humbaba. With that friend, Enkidu, he killed the Bull of Heaven sent by Ishtar. For 10 points, identify this hero-king of Uruk in a Sumerian epic. Answer: Gilgamesh 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Oxford - #17 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology After settling in Gerar, this man mirrored his father's actions in claiming that his wife was his sister so that the king of the Philistines would not kill him for her beauty. Eliezer of Damascus found this man's wife after she fetched water for Eliezer's camels. This man's brother-in-law Laban employed his son as a shepherd. He almost died during the akedah on Mount Moriah. In his blind old age, this man blessed his younger son, who gave him venison. This figure had a half-brother whose mother was Hagar, and his mother was Sarah. For 10 points, name this husband of Rebecca who fathered the twins Jacob and Esau and whom his father Abraham almost sacrificed. Answer: Isaac [or Yitzhak] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Rancho Bernardo and Delaware - #14 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The travels of this religion's founder with his companion Mardana, are related in the Puratan tradition. Adherents sing the nine hymns of the Sodar at sundown. The most sacred place in this religion sits in the middle of a lake enlarged by Ram Das. This religion's holiest text was appointed its eternal leader by its final human leader, Gobind Singh. This religion's followers wear the Five Ks, including the kirpan, a ceremonial sword, and worship at the Golden Temple at Amritsar. For 10 points, name this religion which was founded by the author of the Adi Granth, Guru Nanak, an Indian religion whose male adherents are often named Singh and wear turbans. Answer: Sikhism 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by RPI - #5 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology The Haftarah starting at Zechariah 2:14 is read on this holiday. One song connected with this holiday is a round with the drawn-out word "Shma" and is entitled "Mi YeMalel", while another is the "Hanerot Hallalu" blessing. The shamash is a helper for the main ceremony of this holiday. In Israel, the letter Pey, instead of Shin, accompanies Nun, Gimel, and Hey on a top used in a game on this holiday, which also involves the singing of the Ma'oz Tzur, or Rock of Ages. Beginning on the 25th of Kislev, it commemorates a revolt by the Maccabees and includes a candle-lighting ceremony for eight nights. For 10 points, name this Jewish holiday known as the "Festival of Lights". Answer: Hanukkah 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by RPI - #12 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Polydectes was one popular nickname for this Greek god who in one story transformed the nymph Leuce into a white poplar tree. This God's wife also transformed his mistress Minthe into a mint plant. Pirithous got trapped in this figure's seat for eternity after he and Theseus attempted to kidnap this god's wife, whom he had married after giving her a pomegranate. Orpheus once traveled into this man's kingdom, which includes the Asphodel Meadows and Elysium, in a failed attempt to recover his wife Eurydice. Cerberus guards the domain of this man, who in one story abducted Demeter's daughter Persephone. For 10 points, name this Greek god of the underworld. Answer: Hades 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by UCSD - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This figure presented beef hidden in an ox's stomach and bull's bones coated in glistening fat for a sacrifice which set the precedent for future sacrifices. This figure was either the son of Themis, or the brother of Atlas and Menoetius and son of Iapetus. This figure's actions, which included molding humanity out of clay, caused Hephaestus to fashion the woman Pandora, his sister-in-law. Hercules freed him from Mount Caucasus, where he was having his liver eaten by a vulture and regenerated an infinite number of times. For 10 points, name this Titan whom Zeus bound to a rock for giving fire to humanity. Answer: Prometheus 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by VCU - #9 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Many of this religion's main figures reached moksha on the mountain Sametshikharji. This religion performs sacred rituals at derasars, including reciting a mantra which ends "Padhamam Havei Mangalam," the Navkar Mantra. Members of one sect of this religion sweep ahead of where they walk and wear cloth over the mouth to avoid trampling and ingesting insects, while another group does not even own clothes and are called "sky-clad," or Digambaras. It was founded by its 24th "ford-maker", or Tirthankara, Mahavira. For 10 points, name this Indian religion whose five core principles include ahimsa, the protection of all life. Answer: Jainism 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by VCU - #21 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One god of this domain has four minor gods named after himself, one each for the cardinal directions. One figure got this from the Milky Way, which he kept in a jug; that was the Incan Ilyap'a. One figure who controlled this became associated with Atonatiuh and lived on his mountain with Chal·chi·huit·li·cue. That god, like Quetzalcoatl, had a mask of serpents, and was the object of great fear and child sacrifices for his propensity to wreak havoc on the Aztecs. For 10 points, name this weather phenomenon whose gods included the Mayan Chac and the Aztec Tlaloc and which is often seen in storms. Answer: rain gods [accept thunder gods; prompt on "weather" until mentioned] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale A - #10 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology Sterope and Aithops were two of these animals which ended up nightly in a golden cup. The Celtic goddess Epona took this form. The kings of Troy owned twelve of these, which were promised to Heracles for rescuing Hesione. A race of hybrids with the rears of these animals was spawned when Ixion raped the cloud nymph Nephele. Eurystheus commanded Heracles to fetch man-eating examples of these animals which belonged to Diomedes. One animal of this type was born from the neck of Medusa and tamed by Bellerophon, and had wings. For 10 points, name these creatures which included Pegasus and whose form made up the bottom half of centaurs. Answer: horses [or mares] 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Washington - #2 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology This religion's calendar is divided into 19 months of 19 days each, with four or five extras as needed. One leader of this religion wrote a text inspired by the murders committed by Nasirid-Din Shah, the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. Another of its leaders, known as the Guardian of the Cause of God, was Shoghi Effendi. Its founder wrote The Seven Valleys and The Four Valleys, and was inspired by a figure known as "The Gate". It is currently headquartered at the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel. For 10 points, name this religion whose primary text is the "Book of Certitude," an offshoot of Islam inspired by the Bab and founded by Baha'u'llah. Answer: Baha'ism faith 2010 ACF Fall - Packet by Yale B and Washington - #20 Social Studies -- Religion/Mythology One son of this god was a charioteer of King Oenomaus who removed the pins from his master's chariot, allowing Pelops to win the hand of Hippodamia and was named Myrtilus. This god was called "thrice-great," or Trismegistus, when worshipped as an analogue of the Egyptian Thoth. This deity was born on Mt. Cyllene to Maia. He killed the hundred-eyed Argos, and his namesake son with Aphrodite was seduced by and merged with Salmacis. He also fathered Pan, created the first lyre, and had winged sandals. For 10 points, name this caduceus-wielding messenger god, the Greek analog of Mercury. Answer: Hermes [accept Mercury until mentioned]